环境管制收益和成本的评估与分配

环境质量标准设定得是否合适,关键在于能否对环境管制的收益和成本做出准确的评估。在过去三十多年里,环境经济学得到了快速的发展,环境经济学家设计了新的方法,并做了大量的实证研究,来测度实际的或被提议的环境管制的收益和成本。然而,评估管制成本本身并不是一项简单的任务,环境经济学家将主要关注放在了总账的收益一边。关注的中心是,评估非市场物品收益的方法论的发展。这些方法可归纳为间接市场法和直接调查法两大类。本文对这两种方法,以及它们在评估环境管制收益和成本方面的应用,进行了评述。     

环境危机--一个现实问题的实质探究

日趋严重的环境问题已成了制约我国经济、社会可持续发展的极大障碍，要实现全面建设小康社会的目标，就必须正视环境危机，探询问题的实质，以便寻找到解决问题的良策。     

保护环境的政府对策

环境问题是个世界性的问题,是人类生存的基本条件。在现实社会中,人类生存和产品的生产所面临的越来越紧迫的问题,正是环境问题。如水资源的污染、全球变暖、大气层上的臭氧层变薄、酸雨和地表臭氧增加(城市烟雾)等,使人类生存和社会经济发展面临着越来越大的危机。保护与治理环境的任务,历史地落到了政府的身上。政府保护与治理环境的手段主要有三种:一是开征污染税;二是政府管制;三是出售污染许可证。本文就是依据对这三个基本问题的探讨阐述基本的观点与看法。     

关于加强河北省环境教育的思考和建议

针对河北省环境教育的问题和现状，强调了在河北省加强环境教育的重要性和迫切性；从理论和理性方面对环境教育问题进行了积极的思考；提出了若干加强环境教育的建议。     

资本全球化与环境保护

文章分几个部分探讨资本全球化与环境保护的相互关系 :资本全球化的内容 ;资本全球化与环境保护的互动关系 ;国外直接投资对环境保护影响的正反面经济评估 ;国际银行资本流动对环境保护影响的正反面经济评估 ;证券资本对环境保护影响的正反面经济评估 ;保险资本流动对环境保护影响的正反面经济评估。     

Designing education for life on earth

Designing, viewed broadly as the human capacity to link thought and action, has meaning and value in the world that transcends its material associations. Given the nature and urgency of current socioeconomic and ecological problems, the creative, generative concept of design must be made more accessible and useful. Accordingly, my intent is to dispel prevailing, narrow, specialist impressions of design and to advance in the public mind a larger concept that can influence deliberations and behavior in society-at-large. One of today's most critical areas of need, and one where I think design can make a particularly significant contribution, is education. A critical task for such design-based education is enabling people to design an ecologically and economically sustainable future.     

Regulatory ‘Balancing’ and the Efficiency of Green R&D

We identify and analyse several dynamic implications of setting environmental standards such as to balance marginal costs and benefits. The adoption of such a regulatory approach is shown to effect (i) the speed of improvement of abatement technologies; (ii) the direction (in a sense to be defined) of that improvement; (iii) its source and the distribution of the rents from it; and (iv) the rate of development of defensive (averting) technologies. Existing views are thoroughly synthesised in the context of a simple diagrammatic model, several new results are derived and at least one conventional wisdom questioned. The message of the analysis for legislators and regulators is that cost–benefit balancing should be done with care.     

Policy instruments for curbing CO2 emissions: The case of the Netherlands

Taxes may seem to be the most attractive instrument for curbing the emissions of carbon dioxide. This paper, however, argues that environmental taxes involve a number of serious complications — especially in an open economy riddled with market imperfections like the Netherlands. Therefore, a wide-ranging policy mix is called for. As far as households and sheltered sectors are concerned, regulation can continue to play a major role. Within the context of unilateral policies aimed at exposed sectors, the combination of subsidies and voluntary agreements may be more cost effective than the tax instrument.This paper was prepared for a conference on Energy Taxation in Europe organized by the Stichting voor Economisch Onderzoek (SEO) and held on December 13, 1991 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The author would like to thank Sijbren Cnossen, Jarig van Sinderen and one anonymous referee for helpful comments on an earlier draft.     

Pollution Externalities in a Model of Endogenous Fertility and Growth

An endogenous growth model with human capital formation, pollution caused by production of consumption goods, and endogenous fertility decisions made by altruistic agents with infinite horizons is presented. Consequences for optimal policy of modelling fertility as an explicit decision variable are examined. Because ordinary lump-sum transfers to individuals are no longer neutral, either revenue from a pollution tax must be redistributed to dynasties (working as an implicit tax on child births), or lump-sum transfers must be supplemented with an explicit fertility tax. Alternatively, the government can avoid distortions of the fertility decisions by maintaining an appropriate public debt. When abatement is highly productive, it can be optimal to subsidize fertility in order to increase total production.     

环境分析中沾污与损失的来源及相应对策

将环境污染分析的全过程中沾污的来源归纳为实验室空气、实验用容器、实验设备、实验试剂、实验用溶剂以及工作人员等 6个方面 ;将损失的来源归纳为容器吸附和挥发损失两方面 ,同时给出了减轻沾污与损失的对策