Focal area approach: a participatory community planning approach to agricultural extension and market development in Kenya

The focal area approach has been developed and applied by the public agricultural extension service in Kenya to harness the comparative advantages of various players for the overall development of rural areas. Participatory processes have been institutionalized in public extension and have brought new meaning to both extension and understanding rural development. The interactive engagement of smallholder farmers by public extension and the conducive environment created by the approach for other service providers to interact with communities has brought many advantages. The participation of women and youth, the poor and vulnerable groups in generating information and solutions to address food security and other rural needs has been impressive. The knowledge gained from the interaction has contributed in influencing policy change and research priorities. Smallholder farmers have formed common interest groups, which has enabled them to move from subsistence to business farming associated with increased knowledge, increased productivity and increased demand for produce. The approach has enabled extension service providers to reach more farmers per year than they did previously. The partnerships created between public extension with other institutions contributed to enhancement of knowledge and skills that has enabled the approach to spread to more areas in the country. Further capacity development among the extension providers and formulation of supportive policies that encourage demand-driven extension will lead to further improvement of the approach and scaling up.     

社会福利社会化:国际比较与启示

社会福利是衡量一个国家社会保障水平的重要标志,是一种高层次的社会保障。世界各国都有着自己特色的社会福利制度,本文对美英等6个有代表性的国家社会福利的内容、资金来源和管理服务进行比较分析,发现社会福利社会化、多元化已经成为社会福利制度发展的必然趋势。中国社会福利社会化的完善,需要明确小政府—大社会的福利理念,积极引导非营利组织的参与,加强立法,建立适度普惠型的社会福利制度。     

Hicks's Valuation of Social income: an appraisal *

This paper attempts to reconstruct and assess the intellectual itinerary of Hicks on the valuation of social income. His 1958 and 1981 papers on that topic have been wholly ignored in the economic literature. In both of them differentmeasures of real income are provided. These show to what extenteach one of them can be relied upon. Our assessment argues that it is impossible to measure social income independentlyof the reasons for which that measure is required and that any valuation cannot ultimatelybe made independently of political and ethical considerations.     

关于拓展我国农村消费信贷的思考

拓展农村消费信贷是建立现代农村金融制度的客观需要,约束我国农村消费信贷发展的因素主要是消费信贷的配套服务机制缺失、农村金融业不发达、农民收入不稳定等。因此,转变消费观念、改善消费信贷环境、增加消费信贷品种、健全社会保障制度、建立现代农村金融制度是拓展我国农村消费信贷的有效对策。     

基于旅游者需求的旅游地生命周期演化动力机制研究

随着我国经济的高速发展,旅游消费已进入一个新的发展阶段。针对旅游业发展过程中出现的一系列问题,学术界对旅游地生命周期的影响因素进行了大量研究。对旅游地生命周期演化动力机制的把握影响着旅游地生命周期调控的可操作性。运用生命周期理论对旅游地所处生命周期阶段进行分析判断,并通过有效手段对旅游地生命周期进行调控,延长其生命周期,对旅游地的可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。     

社会固定投资与居民福利量化关系模型分析

固定资本投资是流动资本投资的前提和基础，也是整个社会经济规模扩张与发展所必须依赖的重要物质基础。现期厂商的固定资本投资会直接导致本期总需求的增加，在保持总供求平衡的前提下，政府本期的调控货币投放规模将会相应减小，从而影响本期社会弱势居民的福利水平。     

被征地农民养老保险制度借鉴与探析——对赣州市被征地农民养老保险制度构建的几点启示

赣州市为解决被征地农民养老保险等社会保障问题投入了大量的人力、物力和财力,取得了一些成绩。但是,由于受诸多因素的影响也存在着一些问题。本文通过对被征地农民养老保险现状和问题的描述,并对我国一些较为典型的被征地农民养老保险模式经验进行阐述和探析,进而对赣州市被征地农民养老保险制度构建提出几点启示,为政府政策的制定提出理论依据,以资借鉴。     

美国国家公园公益性建设的启示

通过对美国国家公园管理体系、理念的介绍,并结合实际,指出了在中国国家公园建设中应体现出公益性特征。现阶段应通过对各类景区门票价格的适度控制来体现公益性,并逐渐对现有景区管理制度进行整合,最终取消景区属地管理,建立国家公园制度,实行国家公园与地方公园两级遗产管理体系,最终促使各类遗产景观门票价格设置在合理水平,保障公民的游览权益,体现其公益性。