政府参股农信社--欠发达地区农信社改革的新探索

新一轮农村信用社改革正在深入进行中,地方政府在改革中获得了对农信社的管理权.因此,正确处理地方政府与农村信用社的关系成为了此次改革的关键.从历史、现实矛盾、欠发达地区特殊情况这三个方面分析,可以得出政府应适当参股农信社的结论.     

解决"三农"问题的三条途径

本文从发展区域经济的角度,提出了彻底改变中国“三农”状况的重要途径:一是创造城乡统筹发展的经济社会布局;二是增强县域经济实力,推进县域经济工业化;三是实施农村富裕劳动力战略转移。     

农民权利的宪法保护

保障人权是宪法的最终目的,宪法规定的公民基本权利是每个公民都应享有并受国家保护的人权,农民的权利应受到宪法的平等保护。事实上,一方面由于缺乏健全的违宪审查机制及相应的制度设置,农民的宪法权利无法获得充分保障,另一方面,在宪法及相关法律规定中存在着对农民法律上歧视,农民缺乏平等权利。因此,必须从宪法的角度保护农民的权利。     

Strategic Choices at Entry and Relative Survival Advantage of Cooperatives versus Corporations in the US Bio‐Ethanol Industry, 1978‐2015

The sustainability of cooperatives versus corporations is hotly contested. We propose that strategic choices at entry can help to explain the endurance of these two governance modes. We hypothesize that cooperatives have a survival advantage if their major drawback – high coordination costs – is curbed by high levels of member engagement at founding. Our analysis of survival rates in the US bio‐ethanol industry shows that cooperatives outlive corporations (1) if investment size at founding is large (strong financial engagement), (2) if they enter de novo instead of de alio (strong product‐market engagement) and (3) if the cooperative venture has been carefully planned from the start (greenfield entry) instead of built upon the acquisition of an existing plant (strong venture‐building engagement). These findings caution against the view that a particular mode of governance is superior or inferior to another in all circumstances.     

构建我国中小企业高质量发展体制与机制研究——基于数字技术应用的角度

中小企业构成了我国经济发展的重要微观基础,步入新时代,构建新格局,中小企业必须按照"十四五"规划和2035年的远景目标不断前行,即要从过去相对粗放式发展步入高质量发展的新阶段。要实现这一伟大目标,必须以数字技术为抓手,提升中小企业的数字化程度,构建以数字技术为核心的中小企业管理体制与机制,不断提升扶小政策的有效性和针对性,提高市场杠杆作用的精准度,重点扶持一批"专精特新"的小微企业发展,提升中小企业发展质量,增强优质中小企业的整体核心竞争能力。     

THE EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE OF COOPERATIVE BANKS – A TEST OF INSTITUTIONAL HYPOTHESES

We study the claim that, because of their institutional design, current cooperative banks differ in their employment decisions compared to other conventional banks. The success of cooperative banks in the past was grounded on efficiency advantages generated through peer‐monitoring, social sanctions, and institutional trust. Institutional economic theory and anecdotal historical evidence suggest that these core institutional mechanisms also had an effect on the employment structure of early credit cooperatives. By examining the employment structure of current cooperative banks, we aim to provide insights to the question of how and to what extent original institutional mechanisms of credit cooperatives may still be functional. We use administrative establishment data from Germany and compare employment structures of banks by legal form. The results indicate that cooperative banks in comparison with otherwise similar private and savings banks are characterized by more stable employment, an older workforce, more extensive training activities, and a more homogeneous composition of employees.     

EXECUTIVE SUCCESSION PLANNING: BARRIERS AND SUBSTITUTES IN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS

Predicted shortages of chief executives combined with growing economic and social significance of the nonprofit sector in an increasingly complex operating environment highlight the need for executive succession planning. Accordingly, our research explores factors that may influence executive succession planning in nonprofit and cooperative forms of organizations. Survey data (N = 242) were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Results suggest both barriers to and substitutes for executive succession planning that help explain the apparent dearth of succession planning efforts in these organizations. A penchant for continuity was found to be a barrier to such planning, while elements of governance quality and internal development were found to substitute for executive succession planning.     

Why do medium- and large-scale farmers succeed practicing CA and small-scale farmers often do not? – experiences from Paraguay

Conservation agriculture (CA) is defined as a system comprising no or minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, and crop species diversification [FAO. (2014). What is Conservation Agriculture? FAO CA website, consulted on 15.09.2014. Retrieved September 15, 2014, from http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html]. The vast majority of medium- and large-scale farmers in Paraguay and neighbouring countries (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay) who use tractor-based farming systems have moved from conventional agriculture and adopted CA through no-tillage technologies. Among this farmer type, very few wish to return to the old system of tillage agriculture. However, despite massive efforts to transmit the technology to small-scale farmers by development aid projects and local governments, widespread adoption of CA has not happened on farms that use animal traction or manual farming systems; in fact significant dis-adoption of CA practices by smallholders has occurred. Some of the reasons for this dynamic are analysed in this paper. The reasons for dis-adoption by small-scale farmers can be generally divided into two groups. One group has to do with the fact that, comparatively, small-scale farmers are less able to cope with the factors related to CA (e.g. degraded soils, recuperating and maintaining soil fertility and know-how) than medium- and large-scale farmers. The second group of reasons has to do with the approaches and strategies that development aid agencies and local governments have taken towards small-scale farmers, which have influenced small-scale farmers’ ability to adopt and maintain CA practices. Small-scale farmers’ main asset is the soil and the CA/no-tillage system is a knowledge-based, learning-intensive system. However, despite the technical support provided by aid agencies and local governments, small-scale farmers often lack a deeper understanding of the CA concepts and practices. This is attributable to the short- to medium-term and rather conservative transfer-of-technology approaches that have been applied by development aid agency and local government programmes over the years, without any changes and without adaptive research. The latter can be derived, for instance, from the accountability of results to donor agencies or the one-size-fits-all approach applied in order to achieve ‘numbers’. One consequence of this is that ownership by and empowerment of farmers is often absent among dis-adopters. It therefore seems more suitable to apply long term, adaptable approaches to CA with smallholders. The lessons learned in Paraguay may well serve to properly direct future development intervention efforts in this country and also serve to mend development strategies in other countries in South and Central America, Africa or Asia.     

The landlord lag – productivity on peasant farms and landlord demesnes during the agricultural revolution in Sweden 1700–1860

In a longstanding debate among economic historians about the role of the peasants and the manors in the agrarian transformation, a variety of qualitative and quantitative indicators have been used, but no one has until now been able to compare the actual production outcomes. In this paper, we investigate the land productivity development for manorial demesnes and peasant farmers, respectively, over the course of the agricultural revolution. The sources used are unique in an international perspective and consists of tithes on individual farm level for 34 parishes in Scania, covering over 2500 peasant farms, which are compared with production data for 20 manorial demesnes.

The study generates vital information on the process of agricultural transformation and its leading actors. We assess the implications of the productivity development for the total production, and the spectacular growth in this under the agricultural revolution, by calculating production and surplus among the different types of cultivators. Our results show that the landlords gained a small advantage in the middle of the 1700s, but in the century to come, they lagged behind in terms of land productivity. A large peasantry cultivating the majority of the land did not constitute an obstacle to growth, but rather the reverse.     

我国农村信用社发展的现状分析

近年来,政府部门以资金支持、政策鼓励等多种方式大力支持农村信用社的发展与改革,目的是为了完善农村金融体系,带动农村经济发展。但是由于客观条件的限制和主观改革力度不够到位,导致农村信用社对当地经济发展所起的作用还不是很明显。也极大的限制了其自身的发展。因此,本文就产权结构、业务类型、外来资本冲击三个方面对农村信用社在深化发展之中所遇到的困难以及问题进行探讨,并提出若干意见。