苏浙沪碳排放影响因素分解及比较分析

基于苏浙沪地区1998年～2008年时间序列数据,根据碳排放量的基本等式,计算出苏浙沪地区总的碳排放及单位GDP碳排放,并运用LMDI因素分解模型,横向分析人口数量、经济规模、行业碳排放强度及行业产出份额对苏浙沪地区整个碳排放变化的影响情况,纵向比较国民经济六大部门的行业碳排放强度变化对碳排放的贡献率。研究表明:江浙沪地区的单位GDP碳排放逐步减少,碳排放的增速与GDP增速关系密切,经济增长是碳排放量变化的主要拉动因素,行业碳排放强度变化抑制了CO2的排放,尤其工业部门的贡献最大。     

基于组合评价法的中国省域低碳经济发展水平评价

在把握低碳经济内涵的基础上,设计了包括经济、社会、技术、环境、动态发展五个二级指标和64个四级指标在内的指标体系;分别用主成分分析法和因子分析法测算了我国有关省（市/自治区）低碳经济发展水平的得分及排序情况;用聚类分析将我国省域低碳经济发展水平划分为五个层次。最后,从建立＂低碳经济＂示范区、正确认识低碳经济发展中的优势与不足、科学统筹规划等方面给出了提高我国省域低碳经济发展水平的政策建议。     

碳税理论及其实践经验借鉴

碳税作为二氧化碳减排的有效经济手段,正在日益受到重视。文章通过比较碳税在一些发达国家的实践经验以及对中国开征碳税的相关实证研究成果进行总结,认为中国确有实施碳税的必要。我国在开征碳税以达到碳减排目标的同时,鉴于简化税制和避免居民生活成本上升过快的考虑,应注重碳税与现有环境税类税种及税收政策的整合,并对能源密集性以及与居民生活日常相关的行业采用较低的碳税税率;由于中国的经济结构与发达国家存在本质区别,应采取有效措施防止碳税对经济增长和就业的负面冲击。     

Research agenda for low-carbon mobility: Issues for New World cities

ABSTRACT

Low-carbon mobility (LCM) features strongly in debates about the sustainability of cities and their resilience in the face of demographic, economic, and climate change. Transport is a major source of carbon emissions and there are indications that these continue to increase, despite the considerable recent advances in vehicle, engine, and fuel technologies. Reducing carbon emissions from transport may become more difficult, not easier. A particular issue relates to the New World cities, typified by those of North America and Australasia, which largely developed from the latter half of the nineteenth century onward and whose transportation systems were largely based around private vehicle ownership and usage. These cities are typically composed of low-density, dispersed suburbs, which are highly car dependent and resource and carbon emission intensive. This article develops a research agenda directed at determining and testing policy and planning measures relevant to the quest for low carbon mobility in New World cities. It suggests a rich agenda for essential research on LCM. Much of this agenda falls within the realm of the integration of transport and land use, with attention to urban design details to enhance the perceptions of and opportunities to use low carbon transport alternatives. Research topics identified for LCM research include (1) urban design and land use–transport integration (LUTI), (2) low carbon mobility policies directed at achieving widespread behavior change, (3) opportunities for new technology and its application, including requirements for systems and infrastructure, and (4) analysis and tools for informed decision making, including modeling, measurement, visualization, and especially assessment.     

Low carbon transport strategy in Europe: A critical review

ABSTRACT

The purposes of this article are to depict ongoing trends regarding the transport system in Europe, to introduce readers to the challenges that Europe (and the rest of the world) will face in the future, to show which strategies Europe plans to deploy to mitigate the negative impacts the transport system imposes on the overall system, and finally to discuss the potential of these suggested strategies to contribute to the objectives of the European Union in the long run.     

西部大开发对西部地区碳排放演变的影响

西部大开发后西部地区经济增长加快、人民生活水平提高,但产业结构、技术水平以及生态环境质量却并未表现出同等程度的改善或提升。采用30个样本省份1995—2011年的面板数据,运用双重差分法进行分析,结果发现：西部大开发在促进西部地区经济增长以及地区经济趋同的同时,也使得西部地区的碳排放（尤其是人均碳排放）与其他地区相比增长更快,与此同时,西部地区与碳排放相关的因素和条件（如产业结构、技术水平、市场化程度等）未得到显著改善。在既有的资源禀赋、发展阶段、产业结构以及经济发展方式下,西部大开发初期着力于固定资产投资和资源、能源开发,忽视教育事业、市场化改革、技术创新等软环境建设,导致西部地区在经济增长的同时碳排放相对增加。因此,在今后的西部大开发规划中,应当着力于转变经济发展方式,加强软环境建设,重视人力资本积累和技术创新,提升市场化水平,才能在发展地区经济的同时实现节能减排。     

中国旅游经济增长与碳排放的耦合关系研究

厘清旅游经济增长与能源消费及CO2排放之间的关系对于实现增长前提下的低碳旅游发展意义重大。文章采用"自下而上"法,估算了1991~2010年中国旅游业的CO2排放量,并运用脱钩理论、ADF单位根检验、协整分析以及Granger因果关系检验,辨识和分析了中国旅游经济增长与碳排放之间的耦合关系。实证研究结果表明,在研究样本区间内,中国旅游经济增长与CO2排放量除2003年为未脱钩以外,其余年份均处于相对脱钩状态;旅游经济增长与碳排放之间存在长期的协整关系;旅游经济增长构成CO2排放的Granger原因不显著,而CO2排放构成旅游经济增长的Granger原因较为显著,即存在从CO2排放到旅游经济增长的单向Granger因果关系。基于上述结论,提出相关政策建议。     

Energy benchmarking in support of low carbon hotels: Developments,challenges, and approaches in China

Achieving effective and objective energy benchmarking for hotels is integral in fostering the sustainable development of the lodging sector. In this work, we reveal the major and minor streams of hotel energy benchmarking and ascertain that the most popular approach in benchmarking is normalized energy use intensity (EUI) based on floor level. Previous efforts to establish EUI indicators using subsystem average, data envelopment analysis (DEA), and regression technique are also studied. We propose that hotel energy benchmarking based on floor area is useful from the top-down management perspective. However, on a practical perspective, energy benchmarking based on facilities should be the first priority for hotel management or owners. Compared with the general energy benchmarking in the building sector, we find that the hotel sector lags behind in the adoption of computer modeling for benchmarking.     

基于流程状态聚类的林业企业经营绩效评价模型研究

在业务流程管理、传统绩效评价和人工神经网络等理论的基础上,构建了基于SOM网络的企业绩效评价模型,解决了模型构建的4个基本问题:输出层设计、权值初始化、优胜邻域设计和学习率设计;并在流程仿真的基础上对所构建的评价模型进行验证。根据所建立的模型,对林业企业的核心业务流程的运行状态进行聚类,并根据聚类结果,对林业企业的运行绩效进行评价。结果证明:应用这一评价方法可以方便地、动态地、有效地对林业企业的绩效进行评价。     

福建省林权制度改革后的林业经营组织形式探讨

结合组织理论和林业生产的特性,回顾了福建省林权制度改革的历程和林业经营组织形式的变迁,从福建省林业合作组织的现状和不同组织形式的弊端等方面着手,探讨了福建省林权制度改革后引入"公司+林业合作组织+农户"经营组织形式的意义和绩效。