Market Distribution of Potato Products in the United States

Abstract

Potatoes are the most important vegetable crop in the United States, accounting for 16 percent of all vegetable and melon farm cash receipts in 1998. However, little is known about the distribution of potato consumption across different marketing sectors, geographic regions, or population groups. Using data from USDA's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, this study examines the consumption distribution of six potato products in the United States. The analysis indicates that fast-food establishments and restaurants dominate the french fries market. There are distinct regional variations in the use of potato use. African Americans consume more potato chips and french fries, on a per capita basis, than other Americans. Senior Americans favor consumption of fresh and canned potatoes, while teenagers consume more chips and french fries than others.     

论档案价值发掘及其利用

随着市场经济的不断发展,档案的价值,越来越引起人们的高度重视。档案的收集、整理、保管和开发利用,为单位的发展决策起到了参谋作用,为单位的经营管理、文化建设发挥了巨大作用,逐渐受到社会广泛重视。     

Developing and testing a global model to explain the adoption of websites by users in rural tourism accommodations

This article analyzes the factors determining the intention to use the websites of the rural tourism accommodations to search for information and to make online reservations. Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a model is developed to explain the intention to use the websites, incorporating as explanatory variables the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use (basic variables of the TAM) and the following key attributes of tourism websites: information, interactivity, and navigability. The results of a sample of 1083 users indicate that (1) the perceived usefulness is the main direct antecedent of the intention to use the websites to search for information and make online reservations, and that (2) information on the accommodation and destination positively influences the perceived usefulness, whereas both the interactivity and navigability have a positive effect on the perceived ease of use of the websites.     

Orienting rocky desertification towards sustainable land use: An advanced remote sensing tool to guide the conservation policy

Due to non-sustainable land management, desertification has been occurring widely across the world and continues to be a global land use problem. In this context, appropriate methodological tools, which can provide a biased estimation of desertification, are critical for learning from past failures and local successes in orienting desertification towards sustainable land use. This paper proposes a locally adaptive multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) algorithm to extract the rocky desertification information from medium resolution images at subpixel level and applies it to the case of Danjiangkou reservoir region (DRR), China. Quantitative comparisons show that the locally adaptive MESMA has achieved more accurate and reliable estimations of rocky desertification information in DRR than the traditional MESMA. An inversed U-shaped trend is observed for desertified land with different severity levels from 1987 and 2013 in DRR. In particular, the inflection point roughly emerged in period 2000–2005. Casual mechanism-based regressions demonstrate that such dynamics of rocky desertification are closely coupled with socioeconomic, biophysical, and policy factors. More specifically, we identify a significantly positive role of land conservation policy in combating and relieving rocky desertification in DRR. Positive effects are observed particularly through afforestation, investment, and professionals input. Based on the conclusions and lessons of DRR, I finally make relevant recommendations for formulating policies and strategies that attempt to orient desertification towards sustainable land use. The proposed locally adaptive MESMA can act as an advanced remote sensing tool to guide the conservation policy.     

基于土地利用转型的土地多功能转变与特征分析——以河北省唐县为例

研究目的:从土地利用转型角度研究土地多功能演变规律与特征。研究方法:本文以研究区2000年、2007年、2016年三期影像解译数据,借助Arc GIS 10.0软件平台,利用土地利用转移矩阵,分析2000—2016年土地利用转型情况;利用三生功能理论和重心迁移理论,划分生产、生活、生态(简称三生)功能用地,分析探讨三生功能时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)研究区2000—2016年林地、草地、城镇和农村居民点用地面积显著增加,未利用地面积急剧下降,下降比例达41.33%。耕地与城镇和农村居民点用地间的转换主要在中南部地势平坦地带,林地、草地与未利用地间的转化主要在研究区的中部和北部的山地丘陵地带。(2)乡镇土地功能间转化均表现生产功能用地转生活功能用地,同时生态功能用地转生产功能用地、生活功能用地。生活功能用地、生产功能用地比例分别增加8.24%和3.43%。研究期内三生功能用地重心均向西北部移动,且纬向移动幅度大于经向移动幅度。生产、生活、生态功能用地重心分别向西北移动2436.56 m、100600.96 m和2022.21 m。(3)生活功能用地中中心城镇在原空间基础上向外扩张,农村居民点在原空间上有所收缩,沿交通线发展迅速;生产功能用地扩展方向主要是未利用地,向中北部区域扩展,水源条件为关键因素;生态功能用地正逐渐让步于生产、生活功能用地。研究结论:从土地利用转型角度研究土地多功能转变能够客观具体的反映土地利用变化动因与发展趋势,可为区域土地利用与管理提供参考。     

Trends in land ownership fragmentation during the last 230 years in Czechia,and a projection of future developments

A high level of fragmentation of farmland ownership is an important underlying cause of land degradation and, at the same time, an obstacle to sustainable land management. This study makes the first-ever analysis of long-term trends in the rate of fragmentation. Our study covers the period from the earliest stages of the current form of ownership patterns at the end of the 18th century until the present day. On the basis of significant predictors that have been identified (initial fragmentation, population growth, historical development of inheritance laws and of the land market, natural soil fertility and landscape type), we go on to project probable developments for the period from 2016 to 2045. A total of 102,984 land parcels in 56 cadastral units in the territory of Czechia have been analysed on the basis of data from four years (1785, 1840, 1950, 2015). Our study considers the development of two basic indicators of fragmentation – Mean Parcel Size and Number of Owners per 100 ha. The Mean Parcel Size has decreased over a period of 230 years from 1.08 ha to 0.64 ha, at a mean rate of −0.26% year⁻¹. During the same period, the Number of Owners per 100 ha has risen from 17.50 to 79.66, at a mean rate of 0.61% year⁻¹. A detailed analysis of the development trends confirms significant spatial variability and also time variability of the rates of the two indicators. The analysis also shows their mutual complementarity: growth in the rate of one of the indicators is usually accompanied by a drop in the other. The general trend that we project for the territory of Czechia in the upcoming 30 years is that there will be further diminution of the physical size of land parcels (continuing fragmentation of land parcels) accompanied by a reduction in the Number of Owners (defragmentation of land ownership).     

基于生产视角的江苏省与我国其他省区水足迹比较

基于生产视角,在"总量-产业结构-需求结构-相关指标"分析框架下,比较江苏省与我国其他省区水足迹并分析差异成因。研究表明:(1)总量比较中,江苏生产水足迹在30省区按该水足迹由高到低排序中位居第11位。(2)产业结构比较中,江苏生产水足迹高于其他19省区,主要源于其较高的居民生活直接用水、农林牧渔业最终需求量及直接用水系数、纺织业直接用水系数以及通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业最终需求量。(3)需求结构比较中,江苏生产水足迹高于其他19省区,主要与其较高的虚拟水出口量、居民生活直接用水、城镇居民最终需求有关。(4)相关指标比较中,江苏水资源压力指标值高于其他15省区的主要原因是江苏水资源总量较低;江苏生产水足迹强度仅高于天津对应值,两者差异主要源于两省市生产水足迹差异;江苏工业生产水足迹废弃率(71.51%)高于其他27省区废弃率,且与江苏较高的年工业废水量关系密切。     

Factors affecting the breadth and depth of e-procurement use in small and medium enterprises

Organizations differ in the range of e-procurement functionalities they use (breadth of use) and in how much they rely on e-procurement (depth of use). Nonetheless, factors affecting the breadth and the depth of e-procurement use have never been studied in a single context. Therefore, it is unclear whether the differences between the effects discovered in past studies are due to the difference between the breadth and the depth of use, or to the difference between contexts. We test the effects of factors potentially affecting the breadth and the depth of e-procurement use in a single context, using data from 151 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector in New Zealand. The results indicate that the breadth and the depth of use of e-procurement in business organizations are influenced by different factors. Perceived relative advantage of using e-procurement, plus external pressure from suppliers and competitors to use e-procurement, result in the use of a broader range of e-procurement functionalities – in a greater breadth of e-procurement use. However, the extent of an organization’s reliance on e-procurement in organizational purchasing (i.e., depth of e-procurement use) is driven by compatibility of e-procurement with organizational values, practices, technology infrastructure, and strategy. Arguing that in order to benefit fully from e-procurement, an organization needs to integrate it deeply into its operations, we conclude that managers evaluating new e-procurement technologies should consider their compatibility with organizational norms and practices.     

Developing an appropriate land use methodology to promote spatially just,formal retail areas in developing countries: The case of the City of Cape Town,South Africa

South African scholars have increasingly recognized that the prevailing management system for land use is one not relevant to the current spatial needs of the country's settlements. These include, in particular, the need to create sustainable, spatially just and resilient settlements and to develop land in a manner that promotes efficient urban development. The debate in the South African literature on land use management has, with a few notable exceptions, yet to venture into the specific mechanics of how to fix this system, ways the system can be used to create a spatially just urban form, or its applicability in formal retail areas.This paper addresses these questions within the context of formal retail areas and the zoning category that these are typically found in, namely that of the General Business zone. This paper initially investigates the current exclusionary nature of formal retail areas in the context of South Africa and within Cape Town and how this is linked to the more macro patterns of spatial exclusion within Cape Town. It is argued that within the context of Cape Town there is a need to focus on both commercial, particularly formal retail, as well as residential, areas with regard to the project of creating a more spatially just city. It is subsequently demonstrated, firstly, how zoning scheme provisions could be used as a mechanism to address these patterns of exclusion in formal retail areas, specifically exploring provisions that would encourage inclusion of informal and microenterprises within shopping malls. Secondly, it is demonstrated how provisions can be included that create a safer and more inviting environment for public transport users and poorer employees and consumers, in formal retail areas.The contribution of this paper is to initiate a long overdue conversation regarding the relationship between land use management and social justice within a developing world context, and in formal retail areas, and aims to set out ways in which land use management can be made more relevant; both for South African cities and cities in other developing countries.     

基于突变级数法的城市建设用地集约利用研究

随着我国城市化进程的推进,集约利用建设用地是土地资源合理利用的必然趋势。采用突变级数法构建城市建设用地节约集约利用评价模型,以永州市11个县(区)为实证进行研究,结果表明,突变级数法评价结果与传统方法的评价结果一致:(1)整体而言,永州市建设用地节约集约利用状况处于中等水平,大部分县(区)处于中度利用状况;(2)在空间格局上,永州市北部县区优于南部地区,北五县区集约用地水平的内部差异较小,建设用地利用整体处于集约水平状态;而南六县建设用地集约利用水平差距比较显著,呈现极度不均衡状态;(3)建设用地节约集约利用状况地域分异明显,大致按地貌类型划分呈现区域分布。