困难农场科学发展的实践与思考

困难农场发展的滞后已严重制约广西农垦管区的经济社会发展,加快困难农场发展步伐是实现管区科学发展、和谐发展和跨越发展的必然选择。十一五期间,广西农垦管区实施了扶贫帮困行动计划,使困难农场走出低谷,走上良性发展轨道。文章以广西农垦国有王灵农场为例,总结困难农场科学发展的工作实践,提出今后工作思考。     

无缝双线电气化铁路养护浅议

包神铁路把科技创新根植于基础建设中、贯穿到安全控制中、体现在发展进程中,有力促进了安全运输。无缝线路是同重载高速铁路相适应的轨道结构,由于彻底实现了线路的无缝化,提高了轨道结构强度,优化了行车条件,改善了线路工况,减少了养护维修材料和劳力消耗,突出了无缝线路的优越性,已成为了我国铁路线路的主要发展方向。随着无缝线路铺设时间及数量的增长,如何对无缝线路进行养护维修已日趋重要。尤其在大运量且运量逐年增长的神朔铁路其无缝线路养护维修难度也日益增大。随着铁路科技日新月异的发展,在新技术、新设备不断应用的环境下,如何提高保安全能力,确保运输安全?笔者结合自身工作实践,对无缝线路养护维修方法进行了分析和探讨。     

Productivity and Producer Welfare in the Presence of Production Risk

Production risk is an inherent characteristic of agriculture and changes in production risk will affect the welfare of risk‐averse producers. Using standard concepts from the literature on uncertainty, we introduce a welfare measure which comprises total factor productivity (TFP), production risk and farmer risk preferences, and which reflects the impact on producer welfare of changes in production technology. An empirical application is carried out using data from a sample of Spanish dairy farms which shows how the positive impact of increases in TFP on welfare can be offset by increases in the risk premium (‘cost of risk’) to the point where welfare may decrease.     

Firm adoption of international standards: evidence from the Ethiopian floriculture sector

Global trade in agriculture and food products is increasingly governed by an array of standards. In order to continue exporting, developing countries have little choice but to comply with the new requirements. This study uses a census based panel data set from the nascent floriculture industry in Ethiopia to empirically examine the determinants of firms’ adoption of international private standards in fresh horticulture produce in large‐scale estate farms. The econometric analysis shows that larger size, older, and foreign owned firms are more likely to adopt the private standards. Moreover, this study analyzes the overall industry level efforts and public–private partnership to launch and implement a national scheme GAP and build a firm's capacity to comply with the standards.     

我国家庭农场历史与发展探析

在叙述和分析家庭经营发展历史阶段的基础上,探究了家庭农场这一新型农业经营主体概念提出的背景和原因,接着对家庭农场规模、劳动力、收入、资金来源等进行了深入分析和探讨,找出家庭农场区别其他经营主体的几大特点.在家庭农场概念、特点的基础上,对目前家庭农场发展遇见的问题和困难进行了分析,并提出相应的解决建议.     

Estimating persistent and transient technical efficiency and their determinants in the presence of heterogeneity and endogeneity

We develop an estimation procedure that generates consistent estimates of the technology parameters, long-run (persistent) and short-run (transient) technical inefficiencies and the marginal effects of their determinants for the stochastic frontier model developed by Colombi et al. (2014, Journal of Productivity Analysis 42, 123) and Kumbhakar et al. (2014, Journal of Productivity Analysis 41, 321). Our approach accounts for three sources of potential endogeneity: (i) unobserved heterogeneity; (ii) simultaneity of input use with both types of technical efficiency; (iii) potential correlation of the noise term with the regressors. Using this approach we examine the effect of direct payments and farm size on the persistent and transient technical efficiency of French crop farms before and after the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy decoupling reform of 2003. Our results show that subsidy payments per hectare of utilised agricultural land had a significant positive effect on persistent technical efficiency and a significant negative effect on transient technical efficiency during the period before decoupling. For the period after the reform, the effect of subsidies is found to be significantly negative for persistent technical efficiency and insignificant for transient technical efficiency. The overall effect of subsidies on technical efficiency is found to be negative in both periods, albeit substantially lower in the period after decoupling. The effect of farm size on technical efficiency is found to be significant only for the period prior to the reform: it reduced persistent technical inefficiency but increased transient technical inefficiency during that period.     

Tree farms: Driving forces and regional patterns in the global expansion of forest plantations

People have planted trees in rural places with increasing frequency during the past two decades, but the circumstances in which they plant and the social forces inducing them to plant remain unclear. While forests that produce wood for industrial uses comprise an increasing number of the plantations, most of the growth has occurred in Asia where plantations that produce wood for local consumption remain important. Explanations for these trends take economic, political, and human ecological forms. Growth in urban and global markets for forest products, coupled with rural to urban migration, may spur the conversion of fields into tree farms. Government programs also stimulate tree planting. These programs occur frequently in nations with high population densities. Quantitative, cross-national analyses suggest that these forces combine in regionally distinctive ways to promote the expansion of forest plantations. In Africa and Asia plantations have expanded most rapidly in nations with densely populated rural districts, rural to urban migration, and government policies that promote tree planting. In the Americas and Oceania plantations have expanded rapidly in countries with relatively stable rural populations, low densities, and extensive tracts of land in pasture. If, as anticipated, the growing concern with global warming spurs further expansion in forest plantations in an effort to sequester carbon, questions about their social and ecological effects should become more pressing.     

新疆兵团经济发展中的农村金融深化分析

资金短缺而需求旺盛是中国广大农村面，临的一个共同问题，对此现实情况，政府和学者们借鉴国外成功经验探索本国农村金融深化道路，并取得了一定成绩。新疆生产建设兵团根据自己的现实情况，循序渐进将金融资源推向农牧团场，帮助团场致富。文章试图就目前兵团农牧团场金融深化情况进行分析，提出建议，以使金融资源能够更好地为兵团农牧团场经济发展服务。     

关于广西市郊农场发展旅游农业的思考

发展旅游农业是农垦现代农业建设的重要发展方向,在培育新的经济增长点、增加农工收入方面发挥了重要作用。广西市郊农场有得天独厚的发展旅游农业的优势和条件,应积极探索发展旅游农业。