出口贸易与全要素生产率增长的动态效应分析——基于中国省际面板数据的角度

大量的研究表明,出口贸易通过出口学习效应、出口溢出效应、出口规模效应和出口竞争效应促进了生产率的发展。我国省际面板数据的动态实证研究表明,出口量的增长不能促进我国全要素生产率的发展;人力资本和研发活动作为衡量一国吸收能力的指标,是发挥出口—生产率效应的关键因素;我国鼓励出口政策和引进外资政策的实施,使得出口—生产率效应具有明显的区域色彩。     

R&D and productivity: evidence from large UK establishments with substantial R&D activities

ABSTRACT

We use Office for National Statistics' micro data for large UK establishments in the production industries in the period 1997–2008 to study the relationship between their productivity and the presence of substantial R&D activities, either at the production unit itself, or at other UK reporting units owned by the same enterprise group. We estimate that total factor (revenue) productivity is on average about 14% higher at the establishments which have substantial R&D themselves, compared to those with no R&D. Among the establishments with no R&D themselves, we estimate that productivity is on average about 9% higher at those which belong to enterprise groups which do have substantial R&D elsewhere in the UK in the same sub-sector. For the establishments with substantial R&D themselves, we also estimate a significant positive relationship between current productivity and past R&D expenditure using dynamic specifications which allow for both establishment-specific ‘fixed effects’ and a serially correlated error component.     

Examining the association of smoking with work productivity and associated costs in Japan

Aims: Smoking is associated with significant health and economic burden globally, including an increased risk of many leading causes of mortality and significant impairments in work productivity. This burden is attenuated by successful tobacco cessation, including reduced risk of disease and improved productivity. The current study aimed to show the benefits of smoking cessation for workplace productivity and decreased costs associated with loss of work impairment.

Materials and methods: The data source was the 2011 Japan National Health and Wellness Survey (n?=?30,000). Respondents aged 20–64 were used in the analyses (n?=?23,738) and were categorized into: current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers. Generalized linear models controlling for demographics and health characteristics examined the relationship of smoking status with the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire (WPAI-GH) endpoints, as well as estimated indirect costs.

Results: Current smokers reported the greatest overall work impairment, including absenteeism (i.e. work time missed) and presenteeism (i.e. impairment while at work); however, after controlling for covariates, there were no significant differences between former smokers and never smokers on overall work impairment. Current smokers and former smokers had greater activity impairment (i.e. impairment in daily activities) than never smokers. Current smokers reported the highest indirect costs (i.e. costs associated with work impairment); however, after controlling for covariates, there were no significant differences between former smokers and never smokers on indirect costs.

Limitations and conclusions: Smoking exerts a large health and economic burden; however, smoking cessation attenuates this burden. The current study provides important further evidence of this association, with former smokers appearing statistically indistinguishable from never smokers in terms of work productivity loss and associated indirect costs among a large representative sample of Japanese workers. This report highlights the workplace benefits of smoking cessation across productivity markers and cost-savings.     

中国总量生产函数模型选择*——基于要素替代弹性与产出弹性视角的研究

总量生产函数是经济增长和宏观政策的研究基础,不同生产函数模型设定可能导致不同的研究结论。本文从生产函数模型中要素替代弹性和产出弹性的隐含假设出发,系统研究了中国总量生产函数模型选择。本文研究发现：中国要素替代弹性的上下限为［08,15］,且呈现向1收敛的趋势;时变弹性生产函数模型拓展Cobb Douglas生产函数为变参数形式,可以较好地刻画中国劳动收入份额变化;Cobb Douglas生产函数、标准化CES生产函数和时变弹性生产函数模型的生产率核算结果趋于一致。本文研究为中国总量生产函数模型选择提供了理论参考和实证支持。     

Productivity growth and catching up: a technology gap explanation

This paper seeks to explain why some countries have managed to catch up in terms of labor productivity over the period 1993–2007 in 76 countries. By integrating the technology gap research within the standard growth-accounting approach, we introduce a methodology which allows us to split total factor productivity (TFP) change into two components: conditional technical inefficiency and the magnitude of the technology gap. We find that labor productivity growth depends both on investment in fixed capital and TFP. Fast emerging economies exhibit patterns of growth based in particular on the reduction of the technology gap, confirming the role of investment in technological capabilities to spur productivity catch-up. Looking at change in the distribution of labor productivity, emerging countries managed to shift from low productivity toward a medium level of productivity thanks to technology accumulation. Less advanced countries cannot rely only on technology diffusion and learning by doing, policies for technological capabilities accumulation are necessary.     

Social Capital and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Provinces

The impact of social capital on economic development has been broadly studied by scholars. However, research in the Chinese context is relatively rare. Drawing upon data from the China General Social Survey, our results suggest that the enhancing effect of social capital on total factor productivity is very limited in the case of China. The network dimension of social capital is significant only in pooled OLS estimations, and trust as well as the participation dimension of social capital exert no impact across all estimations. Our interpretation is that this is partly due to the fact that trust, values and norms formed in civil society are inherently difficult to transmit to the market sector. Besides, the impact of social capital on economic performance is undermined when physical capital plays a significant role in production. We therefore propose that the effect of social capital on economic performance is contingent on localized social and economic conditions.     

技术效率、技术进步与中国农业全要素生产率的提高——基于国际比较的实证分析

文章运用DEA方法测算了包括中国在内的20个人均土地资源较少的国家以及美国、澳大利亚和新西兰3个新大陆国家1961-2005年间的农业技术效率、技术进步及Malmquist生产率指数。实证结果显示:20世纪60年代以来,即使同样在人均土地资源较少的条件下,发达国家的农业全要素生产率的增长仍然快于发展中国家;在过去四十多年里,中国农业全要素生产率的提高同土地以及劳动等农业资源的配置效率有紧密关系,值得注意的是,中国农业土地要素存在过量投入的情况,这或许与中国土地制度没有完全市场化有直接关系。     

出口导向贸易政策与发展中国家间FDI竞争——基于寡占竞争模型的理论分析

文章建立了一个两国竞争模型,重点分析了进口关税与出口补贴等战略贸易政策对发展中国家吸引FDI竞争的影响。研究发现:(1)当两国都采取出口补贴的外资激励政策时,工资水平和进口关税对发展中国家间FDI竞争并没有直接影响;(2)对全要素生产率较高的国家来说,当两国的关税水平都较高时,出口补贴政策增加流向本国的FDI,而当两国关税水平大幅下降后,出口补贴政策反而不利于本国FDI竞争。文章的结论对当前我国战略引资和出口退税等政策的调整具有重大的指导意义。     

集聚经济、公共基础设施与劳动生产率——来自中国城市动态面板数据的证据

文章采用2001-2007年中国城市面板数据实证检验了集聚经济、公共基础设施与城市非农劳动生产率的关系。结果表明:在控制住其他影响因素后,一个地区的就业密度和公共基础设施对其非农劳动生产率都有着显著为正的影响,但在忽略城市公共基础设施的情况下,集聚经济的估计值明显偏高了。     

产业集聚、企业规模与全要素生产率增长——基于长三角制造业行业面板数据的分析

本文首先从理论上分析了产业集聚、企业规模对TFP增长的影响;其次,运用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,测算了1998—2007年我国长三角地区两省一市(江苏、浙江、上海)20个制造业行业的全要素生产率增长及其技术效率和技术进步的变化;最后,用面板数据的计量回归模型对长三角两省一市制造业行业全要素生产率的影响因素进行了实证检验。得出以下结论:长三角地区两省一市制造业行业全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步带来的,而技术效率变化指数表现出负增长;产业集聚和企业规模对上海、江苏和浙江制造业行业TFP增长的作用显著,且产业集聚的作用大于企业规模的作用。