The minimum circuity frontier and the journey to work

People travel between places of residence and work destinations via transportation networks. The relation between selection of home and work locations has been heavily debated in the transportation planning literature. In this paper we use circuity, the ratio of network to Euclidean distance, to better understand the choice of residential location relative to work. This is done using two methods of defining origins and destinations in twenty metropolitan regions in the United States, with more detailed analysis of Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota and Portland, Oregon. The first method of selection is based on actual choice of residence and work locations. The second is based on a randomly selected dataset of origins and destinations in the same regions, followed by a comparison between the two methods for these regions. The study shows circuity measured through randomly selected origins and destinations differs from circuity measured from actual origins and destinations. Workers tend to reside in areas such that the journey to work circuity is lower than random, applying intelligence to their location decisions. Consistent with traditional urban economic theory, this suggests locators wish to locate on the frontier with the largest residential lot at the shortest commute time, but in contrast with the classic model which simplifies transportation networks to be uniform, we cannot assume that all possible home–work pairs are on the frontier. This finding, developed from microscopic data not previously used for this question, reveals an important issue related to residence choice and location theory and how resident workers tend to locate with respect to network configuration in an urban context.     

我国央行冲销干预实践及政策性建议

国外央行冲销干预措施主要有公开市场操作和补充的冲销干预措施。后者主要包括贴现政策、调整法定准备金率、调整政府存款和利用外汇掉期交易合约等。我国央行冲销干预实践可分为四个阶段，根据每一阶段经济形势的需要，央行采取了不同的冲销干预政策，所取得的效果也不尽相同。鉴于各种冲销干预操作方式的成本和局限性不同，央行应审时度势，灵活选择各种冲销工具组合；鉴于我国银行持有大量国债，公开市场操作缺乏相应的交易基础，央行应进一步完善以国债市场为核心的公开市场操作；鉴于我国目前处于国际收支持续顺差和人民币升值经济背景下，央行要抓住机会，继续推进汇率制度改革；鉴于冲销干预并不能作为一项完全独立的政策工具发挥作用。需要各种政策之间的协调和配合，央行要注重国内财政、货币政策间的协调，加强人民币汇率干预的政策配合。     

开拓农村市场的必要性及其举措

发展国民经济的首要任务是发展农业 ,发展农业需要培育农村市场 ,农村市场的扩大和农民消费的增长 ,将成为推动我国消费由平稳运行向快速转变的深层动力。     

网络社群系统识别、结构特征及位置关系研究——以电子信息材料联合专利网络为例

从我国电子信息材料行业联合专利网络抱团现象出发，以中国国家知识产权局（SIPO）专利数据库为数据来源，通过G-N算法的模块度指标，动态识别该行业联合专利网络社群结构特征，并从整体层次分析社群的位置关系。结果表明，我国电子信息材料行业存在明显的社群结构；创新网络中的社群结构具有内部连接紧密、外部连接稀疏的特征，在一定时间范围内呈现社群规模和数量保持相对稳定的系统特征；社群在创新网络中扮演着领导人及经纪人角色。通过对联合专利网络社群的剖析，有助于了解企业合作研发行为，同时为网络社群治理和网络权力配置研究提供新视角。     

Synthesis of Complex Criteria Decision Making: A Case Towards a Consensus Agreement for a Middle East Conflict Resolution

The title of this paper reflects both the process and the outcome of the current undertaking. Frustrated with the current state of the Middle East but encouraged by earlier attempts at modeling complex problems, the authors participated in a panel discussion assembled to address the conflict and propose a possible road-map to peace. However, the participants of this project did not come to a single course of action that will result in peace in the Middle East but did reach a consensus agreement about a resolution that needs to be managed. This paper explores the process, the outcome and the factors that influence the decision as well as potential pitfalls. The Analytic Network Process (ANP), a well known multicriteria decision making approach, applied frequently in recent years to examine conflicts around the world, is used in this analysis. It provides a framework for synthesizing judgments on the diverse aspects of the problem represented in the structure of the decision. It pieces together these judgments in a holistic and logical way.     

Upstream internationalization process: Roles of social capital in creating exploratory capability and market performance

This paper investigates to what extent resource governance of international ventures affects dynamic capability and market performance in the high-tech firms’ internationalization process. We examine the non-equity-based international network collaborations of high-tech firms as forms of strategic resource seeking within the internationalization process. Within the context of upstream technology collaborations by international software and hardware firms, this paper proposes and empirically examines the impact of resource governance mechanisms (i.e. trust-building and behavioral monitoring) on the exploratory capabilities of firms. The findings indicate that building trust in the internationalization process of network ventures contributes to the firm-level exploratory capabilities and, in turn, market performance. Furthermore, this paper tests the moderating effects of structural capital on the capability–performance relationship. The relationship is stronger when network relationships existed before the inception of the international technology alliance. We also find a negative moderating effect from the existence of an actual alliance and from network duration on the relationship between exploratory capability and market performance. To this end, the longevity of the alliance may not always be something firms should aim for. The paper highlights the criticality of relational and structural capital in the internationalization process and the importance of exploratory capability for creating radical innovation in high-tech industries.     

The use of infrared sensors and digital cameras for documenting visitor use patterns: a case study from D'Aguilar National Park,south-east Queensland,Australia

This study assesses the use of pyroelectric infrared sensors combined with digital cameras to document visitor use patterns on a Horse Trail Network within an area of D'Aguilar National Park; a peri-urban bushland reserved for a range of purposes and used by several user-groups. Data were obtained from four cameras and comprised 7000 photographs over 1000 days. Forty-five percent of photographs were false triggers attributable to environmental factors and 42% were of confirmed users. An exercise aimed at assessing camera success revealed that in this study capture rates were in the order of 63% for cyclists, 82% for pedestrians, 90% of motor vehicles and 100% for horses. Sources of error can be minimised and primarily include the internal and external camera settings. Major advantages of infrared digital cameras include the portability of the technique, low cost, digital data format and discrimination of user types. In this case study, two-thirds of total observed visitor numbers occur on weekends and two-thirds of all use occurs during morning daylight. Cyclists were the most common user-group per day, followed in descending order by walkers, joggers, motorised users, dogs, bushwalkers, horse-riders and trail-bike riders. Implications of this data for management are discussed.     

Transmission of Nominal Exchange Rate Changes to Export Prices and Trade Flows and Implications for Exchange Rate Policy*

We discuss how the welfare ranking of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes in a New Open Economy Macroeconomics model depends on the interplay between the degree of exchange rate pass‐through and the elasticity of substitution between home and foreign goods. We identify combinations of these two parameters for which flexible and fixed exchange rates are superior with respect to welfare as measured by a representative household's utility level. We estimate the two parameters for six non‐EMU European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and the UK) using a heterogeneous dynamic panel approach.     

深圳市绿道网规划与建设创新性实践

结合深圳市绿道网专项规划在编制与实施中的创新性实践探索,探讨绿道网规划设计中的创新理念与规划思路,以期为我国正在兴起的绿道建设提供一些参考。