浅谈计算机信息安全

现今社会网络发展日新月异,甚至我们的生活都无法离开网络,但事物都有它的两面性,网上信息不是被泄露,就是被篡改假冒,甚至借用计算机网络进行犯罪,计算机病毒更是肆意传播。信息安全是迫在眉睫要解决的问题,设置密码就是其中最有效而且便捷的方法,我们应该研究和掌握好这门技术。     

Vulnerability of the unbanked: evidence from a developing country

Financial exclusion is an apparent phenomenon globally, the majority of people without bank accounts living in the developing countries. Those who lack access to financial services could experience vulnerability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to unfold the vulnerability of the low‐income unbanked consumers in a Pakistani context. Qualitative data were gathered from low‐income unbanked consumers through in‐depth interviews. The findings suggest that unbanked consumers are vulnerable in many ways. The participants faced several negative consequences due to their financial exclusion, which resulted into their personal, economic and social detriment. Based on our study findings, we provide managerial and public policy implications for the well‐being of the low‐income unbanked consumers. Lastly, study limitations and future study guidelines are discussed.     

什么引致了农村居民贫困风险——来自贫困脆弱性测度和分解的证据

对贫困风险成因的分析有助于更具前瞻性地推进精准扶贫。采用CLDS数据测度了表征贫困风险的贫困脆弱性,采用基于R²的夏普里值分解法分析了引致因素及贡献度,并运用Order Probit模型考察了贫困脆弱的转换动因。研究发现,个体具备更高教育水平和社会资本、从事非农工作、迁移,以及家庭获得融资都有助于降低贫困脆弱性,但父辈劣势的代际传递会提升贫困脆弱性;个体在教育、非农就业以及健康方面的差异对贫困脆弱性贡献最大;有9%和24%的个体分别经历过持续性脆弱和暂时性脆弱,健康冲击是导致转换到（或持续陷入）贫困脆弱的重要原因。因此,系统性的扶贫策略需要在当前促进贫困群体的非农就业,并持续通过教育和健康扶贫来阻断贫困陷阱。     

黄河三角洲生态环境脆弱性分析

以地处黄河口的垦利县为例。以1987年和2000年两期遥感影像为基本信息源提取景观空间结构信息。利用景观类型空间结构信息破碎度、分雏数、分离度和景观类型的敏感度、适宜度构建了景观类型脆弱度指数CEVI和生态环境脆弱度指数EVI;用连续覆盖全区的格网进行空间系统采样,使脆弱指数空间化,采用统计学方法对区域生态环境脆弱度插值生成了区域生态环境脆弱度分布图;研究区未利用地和盐荒地景观最脆弱。比较1987和2000年景观类型的脆弱度,旱田、水田、盐荒地和未利用地的CEVI指数减少,林草地、建设用地和水域景观类型的CEVI呈增长趋势;区域生态环境脆弱度的空间格局及其动态变化与黄河河道和海岸线成高度相关。黄河和海洋是生态环境脆弱度空间格局的主导控制因素。     

自然资源资产审计中的资源环境承载力研究——以云南省普洱市为例

自然资源资产审计是我国加强生态文明建设、落实绿色发展理念的重要举措,也是我国资源环境管理中的重要环节。以云南省普洱市为例,结合空间脆弱性模型对普洱市资源环境承载力进行综合评价,并与自然资源资产审计工作结合进行探讨。结果表明:(1)普洱市资源环境承载力整体较高,主要分布在普洱市的西北部和东南部,在进行自然资源资产审计时可作为资源环境巩固发展区;低承载力地区主要分布在普洱市的东南部和东北部,在进行自然资源资产审计时可作为重点治理区;(2)基于空间脆弱性模型开展的资源环境承载力评价与自然资源资产审计工作相结合具有可操作性;(3)资源环境承载力评价对自然资源资产审计工作具有导向作用,为自然资源资产审计提供了新思路和方法。     

内蒙古林西县生态脆弱性评价研究

内蒙古林西县是典型的我国北方农牧交错地区,生态环境问题严重,直接威胁着区域社会经济可持续发展。该文以古林西县为研究区域,探讨我国北方农牧交错带生态脆弱性及其成因。在分析林西县生态环境问题的基础上,提出了生态脆弱性评价模型,建立了生态脆弱性评价指标体系。结果表明,林西县区域生态系统运行状况良好,生态脆弱度较低,微度和低度脆弱区共占55%以上,极度脆弱区仅占5%左右。然后,进一步分析了林西县区域生态环境脆弱性的驱动力、发生机制和主要影响因子,提出了生态建设治理的重点方向,为区域生态可持续发展提供参考。     

脆弱性内涵、评价与研究趋势综述

脆弱性是20世纪80年代以来国际上全球环境生态变化和可持续发展研究中频繁出现的一个较新概念,脆弱性分析与评价也是目前环境学、灾害学和社会经济发展研究的一个热点和难点。针对此,本文对20世纪80年代以来脆弱性内涵的演变进行了梳理,对脆弱性评价的步骤和方法进行了总结。最后,对脆弱性研究的趋势进行了分析预测。     

Characterising Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Haiti: A Multilevel Decomposition Approach

This article characterises vulnerability to poverty in Haiti using a unique survey conducted in 2007 in rural areas. In a first step, using two‐level linear random coefficient models of both per capita consumption and per capita income, the article assesses the impact of self‐reported shocks on households' economic well‐being. In a second step, the prediction model is used to calculate various measures of vulnerability to poverty, considering various types of shocks. Empirical findings show that self‐reported (or observable) idiosyncratic shocks, in particular health‐related shocks, have larger impact on vulnerability to poverty than observable covariate shocks. These results are in line with the fact that many households reported idiosyncratic health shocks as being the worst shocks they experienced. On the other hand, unobservable idiosyncratic shocks appear to have generally more influence on households' vulnerability to poverty than unobservable covariate ones. We also show that omitting self‐reported shocks in the analysis leads to an underestimate of households' vulnerability to poverty.     

Consumption smoothing in Russia

This paper uses panel data from rounds V–IX of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) to examine the extent to which households are able to protect their consumption from fluctuations in their income. It is found that consumption is only partially protected from idiosyncratic shocks to income with food consumption being better protected than non‐food consumption expenditures. This suggests that adjustments in non‐food expenditures may be an important component of the risk management tools of Russian households. The analysis also provides evidence on the extent and nature of the coping strategies adopted by households. It is demonstrated that households complement their self‐insurance strategies, of borrowing, adjusting their labour supply, and selling assets, with informal risk sharing arrangements with households within their community. An examination of the role of sample selection confirmed that these findings are quite robust to this potential source of bias. Furthermore, accounting for the role of measurement and imputation errors in the measure of household income revealed that OLS estimates may yield a misleading picture about the extent to which urban and rural households are insured from idiosyncratic income shocks. JEL classification: D1, R2, P5.