Headquarters,office employment,and the wave of urbanization in the New York City region

Hierarchical theory suggests that high-density office activity, such as corporate headquarters, epitomizes the concept of agglomeration. This research tests whether office employment in a metropolitan area agglomerates around suburban nodes of specialized office and corporate headquarter activity or if office employment change shifts in response to the wave of urbanization. The location of the Fortune 500 manufacturing and service headquarters and the ratio profiles of office employment within each county are used in the test. We conclude that headquarters are not located in specialized office employment nodes. Rather, the office employment becomes specialized as the county becomes more urbanized.     

Searching for big data: How incumbents explore a possible adoption of big data technologies

Big data is often described as a new frontier of IT-enabled competitive advantage. A limited number of exemplary firms have been used recurrently in the big data debate to serve as successful illustrations of what big data technologies can offer. These firms are well-known, data-driven organizations that often, but not always, are born digital companies. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the challenges that many incumbent organizations face when they try to explore a possible adoption of such technologies. This study investigates how incumbents handle such an exploration and what challenges they face. Drawing on a four-year qualitative field study of four large Scandinavian firms, we are able to develop a typology of how incumbents handle the exploration of and resistance to adopting big data technologies. Directly affecting the incumbents’ exploration are two aspects that separate the adoption of big data technologies from that of other technologies. First, being an elusive concept, big data technologies can mean different things to different organizations. This makes the technologies difficult to explain before an investing body, while it simultaneously opens up possibilities for creative definitions. Second, big data technologies have a transformative effect on the organization of work in firms. This transformative capability will make managers wary as it might threaten their position in the firm, and it will create ripple effects, transforming other systems besides those directly connected to the technology.     

Stock liquidity and corporate tax avoidance

We show that firms with higher stock liquidity engage less in extreme (i.e., overly aggressive or overly conservative) tax avoidance. The effect of stock liquidity on tax avoidance is economically meaningful and robust across alternative measures of tax avoidance and stock liquidity. The findings also hold after controlling for potential endogenous effects. We further document that the effect of stock liquidity on tax avoidance is amplified for firms with high proportions of activist shareholders and attenuated for firms with high levels of stock price informativeness. Overall, our findings suggest that stock liquidity mitigates extreme tax avoidance by enhancing shareholders’ monitoring over firm management.

     

Employer organisations transformed

Employer organisations and the literature examining them have transformed since their inception in the 19th century. We systematically review this literature and the evolving role of employer organisations by focusing on the most cited publications of this body of academic work. This article provides a synopsis of our current understanding of employer organisations, identifies gaps in our knowledge, and develops the following argument. Employer organisations adapted to changing socio‐economic contexts by evolving within and across three roles—as industrial relations actor, political actor, and service provider. Historically, employer organisations were predominantly understood as an industrial relations actor with collective bargaining as their defining activity. However, employer organisations also influenced the political process through lobbying and participating in corporatist arrangements, although more recently their provision of member services has grown in scope and importance.     

Sharing in technological development

This paper presents facts on and reviews the project Technonet Asia. Participating countries in the project are Bangladesh, Fiji, Hongkong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Their aim is to improve the quality and efficiency of production in those countries' small and medium sized industries. In addition, Technonet has a goal of facilitating the transfer of technology to small-scale industries. The accomplishments of the project to date and the subprograms they have established are discussed with their potential implications.     

现代各种不同的维修管理(续)

4．Campbell（1998）也构建了一个维修管理结构，如图2所示，维修管理方法，对每项资产必须从制订o fan战略开始，并允分地与业务计划相结合同时，初期与HR有关的各方面都很重要，并要求在化方面产生变化一其次，在整个寿命周期内，企业应该能控制增益和保证资产的生产率、这可以通过实施CMMS，维修功能测定系统，规划和计划各项维修活动等来做到。这可以按照不同的策略，根据这些资产对企业贡献的大小和风险程度来完成：在这些策略中，Campbell提出包括下列各项内容：①运行到失效为止；②增加备份装置；③按计划更换；④按计划大修理；⑤针对某一问题而进行的专项维修（ad hocmaintenance）；⑥预防维修（按使用年数或使用情况）；⑦状态维修（CBM）；⑧重新设计、