解决我国农业保险缴费瓶颈的一种尝试:现代易货交易

当前,我国农户相对不足的农业保费缴纳能力与缴纳意愿是制约农业保险进一步发展的瓶颈。政府有限的财政补贴与农业风险管理技术手段的改进措施均无法从根本上突破这一困境。为此,本文在对农户农业保险消费行为进行重新诠释的基础上,借鉴现代易货交易的实践与经验,提出了一个新的解决思路,即将现代易货交易与农户农业保险的投保行为有机融合在一起,并对这一解决途径的可行性进行了深入分析,进而提出了相应的具有现实操作性的措施建议。     

排放交易体系与新西兰农业

本文在分析新西兰国情的基础上,阐明了新西兰为何有别于其他发达国家,将农业一并纳入排放交易体系的原因。扼要叙述排放交易立法将农业纳入减排体系的机制和过程。通过个案研究,定量分析农业成本的增长幅度。深入研究农业减排所面临的困难和风险、可能产生的经济社会效应、带来的发展机遇以及存在着的不确定性。     

Land use change, biomass production and HANPP: The case of Hungary 1961-2005

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the human appropriation of aboveground net primary production (aHANPP) in Hungary in the years 1961-2005. In this period aboveground HANPP dropped from 67% to 49% of the potential vegetation's NPP. The trajectory was not smooth, but aboveground HANPP fluctuated with changes in factors affecting agricultural production conditions. Both aboveground net primary production (aNPP) of the prevailing vegetation and harvested aNPP increased during the socialist regime, dropped when the system collapsed and has shown considerable fluctuations since. We discuss the development of aboveground HANPP and the Hungarian land use system in the context of socioeconomic changes during three distinct phases: (1) industrialisation of agriculture (1961-1989), (2) regime collapse (1989-1993) and (3) restructuring of a new economy (1993-2005). Within these periods, different driving factors influenced aboveground HANPP and its constituents. In the phase of industrialisation, mechanisation and agrochemical inputs reduced aHANPP while harvested amounts of biomass increased progressively. In the second phase, political and economic circumstances devastated production conditions resulting in a decline of productivity of actual vegetation and a temporary rise in aboveground HANPP. During the last twelve years, industrialisation patterns of agricultural production recovered. The restructuring of inefficient agricultural production systems raised harvest at moderate levels of agricultural inputs, while climatic conditions intimidated high yield and harvest security. The paper discusses the effect of different economic and political regimes and of major socioeconomic restructuring on the development of the land use system, biomass production and aboveground HANPP.     

The projected costs and benefits of water diversion from and to the Sultan Marshes (Turkey)

The Sultan Marshes in the Develi Basin, Anatolia, one of twelve internationally important wetlands of Turkey, have been severely affected by the construction of an irrigation project in 1988. Intensive use of surface and ground water in irrigation has caused more than a 1 m decline in water levels and has affected the wetlands' ecological characteristics. Previous studies indicate that Sultan Marshes will need more water to restore viable ecological conditions. In this study, we analyze how economic benefits from agriculture and wetlands would be affected if moderate amounts of water were diverted from agriculture back to wetlands in the Develi Basin. By estimating total and marginal costs and benefits associated with water diversions, we determined the optimum or economically-efficient amount of water diversion. When only direct-use values of the wetland (animal grazing, plant harvesting, and ecotourism) were included in the analysis, the optimum amount of water diversion to the wetlands was found to be 5.2 million m³ year^− 1 (165 L sec^− 1), which compares to about 62 million m³ year^− 1 (1,957 L sec^− 1) used in irrigation. When wastewater treatment benefits (an indirect-use value) were added, the optimum amount rose to 7 million m³ year^− 1. Overall, the analysis showed that water diversion from agriculture to the Sultan Marshes is economically preferable.     

农业开发区可持续土地利用系统分析

农业开发区可持续土地利用系统是一特殊的区域地利用系统,本文将该系统组成要素进行分层,分析其“输入一土地利用一输入”的空间结构,探讨了系统基本特征,提出系统的可持续发展即要实现整合输出不小于整合输入。     

中国农业发展的新天地——生态旅游农业

生态旅游农业是一种以保护自然生态环境为基础,以开发田园旅游资源为重点的新型艺术农业,它集生态效益、经济效益、社会效益和文化生活于一体,是一种高层次的农业。本文就生态旅游农业的概念、兴起、意义、特征、形式、应遵循的原则、发展政策和发展前景等问题进行探讨。     

21世纪我国农业和农村经济发展战略探索

本文以我国基本国法为背景,探讨了２１世纪我国农业和农村经济发展的战略及相应的对策措施。     

The performance of Botswana's traditional arable agriculture: growth rates and the impact of the accelerated rainfed arable programme (ARAP)

This study assesses the performance of Botswana's traditional arable agriculture for the 1968-90 period. Growth rate and arable sub-sector production models are specified and estimated to determine how the sub-sector performed over time, and to capture the impact of the Accelerated Rainfed Arable Programme (ARAP). Growth rate model results indicate that cultivated area increased by about 2.2% per year during the 1968-90 period. However, crop output remained unchanged and yields declined by about 6.1% per year during the review period. Sub-sectoral model results reveal that cultivated area, output and yields rose by about 27%, 120% and 74% (respectively) due to the implementation of ARAP. Therefore, ARAP was effective in improving rural household food security and welfare. However, it is further argued that the program was unsustainable since it involved phenomenal government outlays and has led to an unprecedented input substitution from animal traction to tractor traction, which seems to be unjustified given the current economic fundamentals of the country's traditional arable farming. Moreover, the results reveal loss of productivity in the sub-sector over time. Therefore, the challenge facing policy makers is to devise new ways of reversing the current trend.     

"三农"问题与乡镇企业发展

从乡镇企业发展的角度,给出解决“三农”问题的一种可行性思路。乡镇企业是农村工业化和农业化的主要载体。只要加快调整乡镇企业的产业结构,大力发展乡镇企业集群,实现传统产业改造和高新技术产业发展的有机结合,乡镇企业就能在农民增收,农村经济发展方面担当重任。     

面对WTO吉林省应如何调整农业政策

农业政策历来是指导农业生产经营的强有力的武器,面对WTO,我国的农业政策必须进行调整。而作为农业大省的吉林省,更应为了适应WTO的规则,适时调整农业政策。找出与国际接轨的农村经济发展规律,促进农村经济的发展。