茶道“四谛”略议

在中国．佛教与茶结缘甚早．禅宗兴盛以后。更形成了“茶禅一味”的佳构。为茶道形成奠定了基础。中国茶道重自然。轻礼法；重精神，轻形式；日本茶圣千利休总结出“和、敬、清、寂”的“茶道四谛”。促进了独具特色的日本茶道的形成。韩国茶礼亦有“四谛”．略近于日本茶道精神。近年来。海峡两岸学者致力于总结具有华夏特色的“茶道四谛”。诸家“四谛”之说。如出于开悟众生的方便。亦无不可，若要从中拣择，定出一尊。便索然无味．有违禅宗精神。     

SME internationalization and performance: Growth vs. profitability

Lu and Beamish (2001) examined the effect of two internationalization strategies, exporting and foreign direct investment (FDI), on SME performance (ROA). We extend this research by examining the differential effects of these strategies on two other dimensions of SME performance: growth and ROS. We develop and test four sets of hypotheses using a sample of 164 Japanese SMEs. We find that exporting activity has a positive impact on growth, but negative impact on profitability. FDI activity has a positive relationship with growth, but a U curve relationship with profitability. Exporting activity has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between an SME’s FDI activity and firm growth, a negative moderating effect on the relationship between an SME’s FDI activity and firm profitability. An SME’s age when it starts to make FDIs has a negative moderating impact on the relationship between FDI and firm growth and profitability.     

Do Japanese MNCs use expatriates to contain risk in Asian host countries?

We investigate the impact of host-country risk on the expatriation strategies of multinational firms, using data on Japanese subsidiary firms in manufacturing industries in 13 host countries in Asia. We find that country risk is negatively correlated with the degree of expatriation and that, rather than host-country risk, firm-specific factors (particularly capital intensity, ownership share of parent firms in subsidiaries and the age of the venture) explain most of the variation in the degree to which subsidiaries rely on Japanese expatriates. Contrary to previous studies, the capital intensity of production is a key explanatory firm-specific variable that correlates positively with the degree of expatriation. Japanese multinational companies do not rely on expatria127=tes to off-set host-country risk, but to mitigate risk to parent investment in subsidiaries.     

为什么中国的汇率要钉住美元：基于日元的历史分析

从1994年到2005年7月21日，中国把其汇率固定在1美元兑换8．28元人民币的水平。此后的人民币汇率机制改革使得人民币汇率在严格控制下开始小幅升值。由于中国的劳动生产率增长相当迅速，贸易盈余持续增长，并积累了大量美元外汇储备。这引发了美国的“排华风潮”，并强烈要求人民币进一步升值。尽管人民币升值并不能降低中国的贸易盈余，但人民币升值的威胁将降低中国的名义利率——1978—1995年的“排日风潮”和日元升值就是如此。日元过度升值引起的通货紧缩，加之零利率的流动性陷阱，造成了20世纪90年代成为日本的“失去的十年”，在新千年里，这同样可能在中国重演。     

Global value chains and the lost competitiveness of the Japanese watch industry: an applied business history of Seiko since 1990

An applied business history approach offers particular insights into the lost competitiveness of the Japanese watch company Seiko and its causes. Although Seiko was the world's largest firm in the watch industry in the mid-1980s, the company experienced a huge decrease in sales during the next decade and became unable to compete effectively against Swiss watch companies that had repositioned themselves in luxury business. The focus on the evolution of global value chains (GVC) in the industry, which saw a shift from producer-driven GVC to buyer-driven GVC, highlights a major change in the 1990s. Seiko did not change its strategy despite this paradigm shift and has continued to run its foreign subsidiaries according to the producer-driven model.     

日本对华直接投资影响因素研究

本文借助于计量经济模型,以1985-2002年的统计数据为基础,对日本对华直接投资的决定性因素进行实证分析。结果表明,日本对华直接投资的主要影响因素包括中国市场容量、中日双边贸易、实际汇率和中日实际工资差异。通过对模型中各变量的比较和归纳,日本对华直接投资动机整体上可以综合为两个方面:一是日本的对外直接投资作为贸易主导型对外直接投资,以扩张本国的边际产业为直接目的;二是中国巨大的市场是吸引日本跨国公司对华直接投资的重要原因。     

日本油料发展政策及对我国的启示

日本是油料进口大国,近年来日本采取一系列的保护政策刺激国内油料生产,一方面以国内支持方式鼓励本国农民种植大豆等油料作物,另一方面利用边境措施来保护国内油脂加工业的发展.这些政策措施大大减少了植物油的进口量,保护了日本农民利益和促进了油脂加工业的发展.目前中国也是植物油的进口大国,进口量占到总需求量的一半左右.因而,学习借鉴日本油料发展政策,对于发展我国油料产业,保证食用油脂安全有着重要的现实意义.     

日本专利代理人制度的最新发展及对我国的启示

专利代理人制度是整个专利法律制度的核心。日本的专利代理人制度自1889年创设以来已有115年的历史,前后经历了萌芽时期、发展时期、完善时期和成熟期四个阶段,迄今为止已形成了包含专利代理人考试制度、实务修习制度、专利业务法人制度、专利代理人协会制度和学校教育制度等在内的较为完善的专利代理人制度。纵观日本专利代理人制度,其立法的精细化程度、专利代理人协会对知识产权法律制度革新的参与与推动作用、中小企业专利代理援助制度以及专利代理人学校教育制度等方面对完善我国专利代理人立法和推动创新型国家建设均有极为重要的借鉴意义。     

论日本电子企业的衰落及其启示

日本消费电子产品曾以其质量过硬、产品新颖而备受世界消费者的喜爱,而如今,市场上却很少看到日本电子巨头索尼、松下、夏普等的消费电子产品,日本消费电子产品霸主地位逐渐消失。近几年,日本电子类产品的出口规模一直在收缩,2011财年,索尼、松下、夏普均出现巨额亏损。日本电子企业衰落的原因主要是:缺乏创新的国际视野和思维,企业员工老龄化严重,忽视消费者的实际需求,产品多元化战略造成产品成本增加、企业资源分散以及竞争对手不断兴起等。我国电子企业正处于快速发展时期,但也面临与日本电子企业相似的情况,应吸取日本电子企业衰落的经验教训,树立先进的创新观,坚持"产品以人为本"的理念,不断创新用人机制,以差异化战略突破多元化弊端获取竞争优势。。     

日本汽车“整零”关系模式及其对中国汽车产业的启示

日本汽车产业不但推动了日本国内相关产业的协同发展,而且在全球汽车产业中占据优势地位,之所以如此,与其先进的"整零"关系模式是分不开的。日本汽车产业"整零"关系是供应商承担"一揽子委托",组织体系呈金字塔式,整车企业通过多种形式对下游供应商进行渗透,资产专用性投资程度很高,其效果是:形成规模经济,减少内部成本;达成知识共享,促进产能提高;实现双向提升,增进关系稳固。我国汽车产业"整零"关系具有诸多局限性,应借鉴日本经验,处理好整车企业与零部件供应商之间的关系,形成"战略-利益"共同体,使汽车产业的"整零"关系进入一个良性循环,从而促进我国整个汽车产业的高速、高质发展。