基于两种理论的旅游景区治理研究

治理现在已经引入到旅游景区中。现阶段，已经出现委托代理理论下的行政管理模式和利益相关者理论下的共同治理模式。通过对两种理论下的不同治理模式进行比较，探讨对旅游景区治理的创新，进而提出了旅游景区四种治理模式，并对其进行了分析。     

Environmental business strategy: the Portuguese case

This study focuses on the adoption of environmental management systems and corporate social responsibility reporting as mechanisms for creating a differential advantage, looking at how different stakeholders in an organization perceive the importance of instituting these mechanisms as determinants of market success. The paper then aims to focus on environmental business strategy and corporate social responsibility reporting in companies, rather than prescribing policy for the entire sector. In so doing it postulates that compliance with market requirements on environmentally related issues, by instituting proper environmental management mechanisms and corporate social responsibility reporting, is a pre‐requisite for acceptance of the firm and its products in the market. The paper is methodologically based on a set of 60 interviews conducted with various agents in the Portuguese textile industry, ranging from policy‐makers to industrialists and NGOs, with a view to determining differences in perception between the various stakeholders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

产业演进阶段性差异与企业非市场策略的匹配

以我国上市公司为对象,在对企业所处产业的演进阶段进行判别的基础上,依据样本企业官方网站的新闻报道,采取内容分析法,从非市场策略的类型、涉及的外部利益相关者和企业事项三方面系统考察了产业演进不同阶段企业的非市场策略特征。研究结果表明:处在不同产业演进阶段的企业,非市场策略的选择存在差异。     

利益相关者治理评价和治理指数——基于中国最具价值上市公司评价

本文对中国最具价值上市公司利益相关者治理机制所做的评价显示：（1）上市公司利益相关者治理指数较低，在不同上市公司之间的分布不均衡，利益相关者治理机制较为薄弱。上市公司利益相关者参与程度的表现不如利益相关者和谐程度。中小股东参与和权益保护程度亟待提高。（2）2003、2004年中国最具价值上市公司利益相关者治理机制相对样本总体较好。2004年中国最具价值上市公司利益相关者参与程度显著高于样本中的其他上市公司，同时2004年中国最具价值上市公司利益相关者参与程度高于2003年中国最具价值上市公司，但是利益相关者和谐程度则不然。     

Stakeholder Mismanagement in Retailing: A British Perspective

This paper provides three brief cases of retailers who have, through what is interpreted as stakeholder mismanagement, brought major problems to bear upon those companies, and other stakeholder groups. The main cases examined concern a "free flight" promotion run by the Hoover company in the UK in 1992/3, the collapse of the Ratner'sretail jewellery chain, and wage realignments at British Gas in 1994.Synthesising these examples, it is suggested that: (1) All companies are expected to meet ethical norms in dealings with their stakeholders, regardless of whether or not they have specifically set out to cultivate an "ethical" image; (2) Stakeholder groups tend not to stand in isolation, but to interact; moreover, modern technology may well tend to increase that interaction; (3) The fall-out from stakeholder mismanagement is likely to be widespread, highly publicised, long lasting, and difficult to contain; (4) Prospect Theory, derived from economics and psychology, may be applicable in such cases. This broadly asserts that we are far more readily affected by dissatisfaction than satisfaction, and this is especially so if expectations have been raised. However, from an ethical standpoint, there is still virtue in pursuing high standards in dealings with stakeholders.     

The Spanish Code for Good Corporate Governance (Olivencia Report): An Ethical Analysis

The aim of this article is to analyse the Report on good corporate governance (Olivencia Report) from an ethical point of view. This report was drawn up by a group of experts at the request of the National Commission of the Spanish Stock Exchange Commission (Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores), in winter 1998, and began to be implemented over late 1998.This paper is the result of several sessions of discussions with businessmen and managers about the role that can be played by the Olivencia Report, its virtues and weaknesses.Our general criticism is that this Report sets out from a concept of the company as Shareholder and not as Stakeholder. This approach affects three concrete aspects of the report that we analyse in greater detail:– The affirmation as to the company's ultimate objective.– The role of the independent non-executive consultant.– The role of the vice president.We believe that this code could be very important and useful for guiding future trends in companies governing bodies, but we think that these weaknesses in its approach represent a lack of ethical sensibility and that it does not match the moral level of a modern society.     

银行公司治理中各行为主体间的正和博弈分析——以招商银行发行100亿元可转债引发的冲突及解决方案为例

在银行公司治理中，各利益相关者作为独立的行为主体都是理性的“经济人”，其行为是追求自身利益最大化。银行公司治理得以运行和完善，正是缘于各行为主体为寻求自利而进行的博弈。这种博弈的结果是正和博弈，即一荣俱荣。随着中国金融业改革的深入，银行的经营将更多地受到相关利益主体的约束，其经营行为必须走向市场化。从这个意义上看，完善银行公司治理的过程，就是包括管理层、董事会、股东及其他利益相关者权利义务得以逐步明确的过程，也是各行为主体间利益相互博弈的过程。银行公司治理既为利益相关者参与银行管理提供了渠道，也推进了银行公司治理结构本身的不断完善。     

独立董事的"独立性悖论"和有效行权的制度设计

目前独立董事制度尚不完善，限制了独立董事作用的有效发挥，尤其是认为独立董事的报酬激励与“独立性”互相矛盾的所谓“独立性悖论”．更是使独立董事制度前景堪忧。本文基于利益相关者理论，深入分析了独立董事独立性的内涵．认为“独立性悖论”不是不可克服的，独立董事也是企业的利益相关者之一．作为企业法人利益的维护者和其他利益相关者利益的协调人，分享企业剩余并不一定会丧失“独立性”。最后，从独立董事这一角色本身的特性出发，提出了改善现行独立董事制度的建议。     

企业利益相关者问题的实证研究

作者对企业不同经营目标所涉及的利益相关者的重要性及影响程度进行了排序研究．对企业在不同规模及经营目标情况下利益相关者的重要性的差异进行了系统的实证研究。研究发现．企业在追求不同经营目标时．它的利益相关者的重要性程度是不一样的：不同规模企业的利益相关者重要性是有差异的。本研究有利于不同规模企业以及相同规模企业在追求不同经营目标时能准确把握和重要关键利益相关者的关系定位。将为企业更好的平衡各利益相关者的和益．提高各利益相关者的满意度和企业综合竞争能力提供有用的理论根据。     

Business Should Be Its Own Therapist: Observing the "Governance Ethics" of Taiwanese Enterprises

Taiwanese enterprises generally display a tacit acceptance and practice of globally-recognized business ethics such as the respect of human rights. Yet some Taiwanese business supervisors subscribe instead to a philosophy of leadership, dubbed "pseudo-harmony", which actively seeks to evade responsibility and any conflict of interest with profitability. Meanwhile other Taiwanese entrepreneurs are even less enlightened, dictatorially upholding self-serving regimes which operate on a philosophy which is euphemistically referred to as "householder management".These attitudes result in the sub-optimal development of "organizational democratization" within Taiwanese enterprises and hi-light the fragility of "ethical leadership" in Taiwan. There is a strong argument, therefore, that Taiwanese business needs to become both its own analyst and therapist if it is to enhance its "governance ethics". Only this way can the nation's enterprises evolve their ethical responsibilities to stakeholders and sustain their competitiveness in a global market that increasingly demands an adherence to ethical standards.