Environmental Policy in Open Economies and Monopolistic Competition

This paper analyses the implications of international trade for non-cooperative environmental policy in the case of local production externalities. A particular focus is on the potential effects of regulations on the variety of goods and the resulting international spillover caused by trade. A tougher domestic standard negatively affects the utility of the households abroad, since such a policy reduces their variety of imports (due to fewer domestic product inventions) or their consumption of each imported brand (due to higher import prices). Ignoring the negative spillover, non-cooperative governments implement inefficiently strict standards in equilibrium. In contrast to this clear-cut inefficiency result, the impact of international trade on the state of the environment is ambiguous.     

国家支持的中部地区老工业基地的界定与选择

本文提出了国家政策支持的中部地区老工业基地的界定原则、必要条件、选择标准和量化指标,并对中部31个老工业基地城市进行了综合排序,最后对国家政策支持的中部地区老工业基地的振兴提出了分批压茬进行等政策措施。     

欠发达地区农村居民最低生活保障制度研究——安徽省农村最低生活保障调查

最低生活保障制度是政府对家庭人均收入低于最低生活保障标准的贫困人口进行救助的一种新型社会救助制度,本文以安徽省部分贫困县农村最低生活保障实施情况调研资料为基础,对欠发达地区农村居民最低生活保障制度的建立与实施作深层次剖析。并针对在执行过程中的具体困难,明确各级政府在这项工作中的责任。     

How efficient are national environmental standards? A benefit-cost analysis of the United States experience

This paper summarizes the results of the first systematic, geographically-specific efficiency assessment of the U.S. experience with national environmental standards and with alternative approaches to establishing those standards. This ex-post evaluation assessed the net benefits that resulted from EPA's regulation of conventional air and water pollutants from the pulp and paper industry between 1973 and 1984. The paper compares the benefit-cost efficiencies of the three dominant regulatory approaches: technology, ambient, and benefits. Unlike previous studies, which assessed benefits and costs on a national basis, the study estimates both costs and benefits on a facility-by-facility basis. The analysis shows how the efficiency of national environmental regulations can vary dramatically at local levels. The authors conclude that the technology-based standards for water pollution management failed as an efficient environmental strategy. The costs clearly exceeded the benefits in the aggregate, as well as in the specific in most situations. Benefits exceeded costs at only 11 of the 68 mills investigated. The ambient based standards for air pollution management succeeded as an environmental strategy in the aggregate, but succeeded in the specific for only one-third of the mills (22 of 60 mills). The benefits-based standards for air pollution management also succeeded in the aggregate as well as in the specific for about one-half of the mills. Benefits exceeded costs at 29 of the 60 mills investigated. The results of the study point to two major conclusions. First, a regulatory policy that is based on some measure of environmental results, either ambient-based or benefits-based, will be more efficient than a policy that ignores environmental results. Second, truly efficient policies for reducing environmental risks require pollution mitigation decisions that take into account local conditions. These include not only the changes in local ambient conditions, but also the number of people who will benefit from pollution reduction decisions. This latter conclusion suggests that national environmental standards per se may be inefficient.Dr. Luken is currently Senior Environmental Advisor to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in Vienna, Austria. He is on leave from the U.S. EPA where he was Chief of the Economic Analysis and Research Branch of the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE). Mr. Clark is President of Environmental Economics Associates of Traverse City, Michigan. He was formerly Chief of EPA's Cost and Economic Impact Analysis Branch in OPPE. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

解读双重贸易技带壁垒：专利与标准的整台

本文通过考察当前国际贸易中日益盛行的双重贸易技术壁垒现象，提出了专利的标准趋势观，并进行了专利与标准的关联分析以阐释双重壁垒的成因及其杠杆效用，文末提供了一些应对思考，以助力企业对双重壁垒的成功跨越。     

Network externalities and long-run market shares

We study a dynamic duopoly model with network externalities. The value of the product depends on the current and past network size. We compare the market outcome to a planner. With equal quality products, the market outcome may result in too little standardization (i.e. too many products active in the long run) but never too much. The potential inefficiency is non-monotonic in the strength of the network effect, being most likely for intermediate levels. When products differ in quality, an inferior product may dominate even when the planner would choose otherwise, but only if the discount factor is sufficiently large     

借鉴法律要素构成:科学制定会计准则的新思路

当前对于会计准则制定模式的讨论仍然保持比较高的热度，取得了一系列的研究成果。但是，综观已有的研究成果，似乎都没有跳出有关导向（规则导向、原则导向以及美国新近提出的目标导向或概念导向）选择的圈子。这也就预示着现有研究并没有从根本上解决会计准则制定中存在的问题。借鉴法律界制定法律规范的经验，可找到会计准则制定的一条新思路，即把会计规则、会计原则和会计概念都作为会计准则的构成要素。这对我国会计准则制定和运行具有指导意义。     

Strategic Environmental Standards, Wage Incomes and the Location of Polluting Firms

The purpose of this paper is tostudy how the choice of environmental standardsby governments is affected by the existence ofwage incomes when firms locations areendogenous. In developed countries labor isunionized, which allows positive wage incomesto arise. Thus, each government has incentivesto persuade firms to locate in its countrysince social welfare depends on suchincomes. But, as pollution damages theenvironment, each government will only try toattract polluting firms to thecountry, to obtain the wage incomes, whenthe valuation of environmental damage showsthat it is low.     

权证会计处理的国际准则及其借鉴

本文在简要介绍权证产品及其要素、种类和功能的基础上,重点围绕国际会计准则关于金融工具会计的相关规定,对权证的会计处理原则和方法进行了探讨,并就其对我国会计及信息披露发展的启示进行了分析,以期为我国权证产品的成功推出进行一些有益的探索.     

商业银行表外业务风险管理及信息披露

商业银行的表外业务一直以低风险、低成本、高利润成为各国银行业竞争的焦点。我国银行业如何在金融市场逐步放开的情况下 ,在同国外银行的竞争中立于不败之地 ,表外业务的发展状况、风险管理程度及信息披露的完善程度将发挥非常重要的作用。