加拿大政府采购

介绍加拿大政府采购体系，阐述加拿大政府采购法律制度、采购原则、采购机构与职责、政府采购的审批权限、采购程序、基本流程、合同管理等具体内容。     

Influence structure in organizational buying behavior

Empirical support is needed for the wealth of existing conceptual models describing organizational buying processes. This study focuses on measuring and understanding the relative influence of different buying center components in the context of convention site selection by a sample of North American associations. Mail questionnaires were sent to members of each major buying center component of 506 associations located in the United States and Canada. Responses were received from 386 permanent association executives, 650 elected officers of associations, and 1870 association members. The study found that important differences existed in the influence of different buying center components, with elected officers generally having the most influence and members the least. This general finding was qualified, however, by two factors. First, dominance in the decision process was found not to be a generalized phenomenon. Rather, it varied with specific subdecisions. Second, the nature of influence structure was found to vary significantly across associations having different objectives, structures, and sizes.     

Big-box retailing and the urban retail structure: the case of the Toronto area

This paper examines the growth and impact of power centres and “big-box” retailers through the 1990s in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The data reveal that 72% of big boxes were added in the previous nine years and that twice as many opened in the suburban fringe as compared to the equally populated central area. Of all big-box locations, 59% are on industrial lands and close to expressways. Of all postal codes in the GTA, 11% account for 47% of the big-box locations and a 19% versus 7% of 1989–1995 sales growth. Average annual sales per store in the heavily dominated big-box areas is $2+million versus $1.4 million in non-box areas and market shares for the dominant big-box retailers range between 19 and 33% in their respective retail categories. In eight retail sectors in direct competition with big-box retailers, there is an overall decline of −7% in share of total stores. Between 1993 and 1997, the proportion of retail employment within 2 km of a big-box increased from 28 to 43%. This increase is accounted for by additional retail and service firms.     

加拿大对华半导体冷热箱反倾销与反补贴税案述评

加拿大是第一个对我国产品征收反补贴税的国家,在最近的5年里已对我国发起了8起反倾销与反补贴合并调查。加拿大对华半导体冷热箱反倾销与反补贴税案是一起较新的案件,并于2008年末最终裁定对原产于我国的半导体冷热箱征收反倾销税与反补贴税。边境服务署在最终裁定中确定了38项补贴项目。虽然最终只认定了3项补贴项目使合作出口商获得了利益,但对于非合作出口商,边境服务署通过部长指定程序裁定其获得了所有38项补贴项目下的利益①。在本案的最终裁定中,非合作出口商的倾销幅度与补贴量大大高于合作出口商。本案再次证明,面对国外反贸易救济调查,积极应诉肯定能获得比不应诉更有利的裁决。     

加拿大动物文学中的生命伦理学思想

当代著名的思想家阿尔贝特.史怀泽创立了"敬畏生命"的伦理学。西顿、罗伯茨与莫厄特创作的动物文学蕴含丰富的生命论理学思想,这为理解史怀泽的"敬畏生命"伦理观提供了文学素材。     

Innovation and Invention in Canada

This paper compares innovation survey data with invention data as recorded by patents (and, therefore, the basis of the Yale Technology Concordance), presenting input–output tables for both data sets. We describe and compare the intersec-toral flows of technology from the industry of manufacture (IOM) to the sector of use (SOU); compare patent-to-innovation ratios by industry; and present correlations between innovation, invention and R&D by industy. One significant conclusion is that, while innovation and invention data are highly correlated in the IOM, they diverge on the SOU, especially in certain key industries that we identify.     

A Contingency Approach to the Employment Relationship: Form, Function, and Effectiveness Implications

In the United States, the at-will doctrine purports to give employers the right to terminate employees with or without notice or good cause. However, numerous exceptions have made protection afforded by the doctrine illusory, and wrongful termination litigation often results. Other countries such as Canada and New Zealand legally prohibit at-will employment, and require reasonable notice or justification when terminating employees. On the basis of comparison of nonunion employment in those countries with that typical in the United States, we examine alternative approaches to employment relationships (independent contractor, employee rights, and at-will), and offer suggestions for choosing among them strategically based on environmental contingencies, work characteristics, and outcomes valued by a given firm. Although the choice may be limited by law in some jurisdictions, we offer a more systematic approach for U.S. firms wishing to deal with the consequences of terminations proactively as part of their overall strategic planning process.     

The nominal group technique: An approach to consensus policy formulation in tourism

The use of the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) as a tool for consensus planning in tourism is discussed. NGT is described specifically with respect to an initial planning exercise conducted by the Tourism Industry Association of Alberta, Canada (TIAALTA), who had concluded in 1983 that the private sector should play a greater role in developing and managing tourism in Alberta. TIAALTA used NGT to identify priority issues and problems. Other applications of NGT are described, and the method is compared to other qualitative methods. The author recommends increased application of NGT in tourism research, planning and management.     

The stable dividend hypothesis

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the stable dividend hypothesis. By invoking the existence of liquidity needs and liquidation costs, a rationale is provided for investors' desire to stabilize the dividend component of return on their portfolios. The market equilibrium implications of this type of investment behavior are then derived.     

An econometric assessment of the Canadian wage and price control program: 1975:4–1977:4

This paper presents an econometric assessment of the Canadian Wage and Price Control Program. The assessment is specifically designed to determine whether controls have been effective in reducing the long-run inflation rate in Canada. The method of evaluation of the control program is to compare the behavior of inflation under controls to the behavior which would have occurred in the absence of controls. In addition, the paper analyzes inflation in the post-control period to test for the “catch-up” phenomenon. The results suggest that the control program exercised a permanent effect on the inflation rate.