创新支出稳中有增,支持方式更加基础和精细化——2013—2014财年加拿大联邦创新预算解读

与加拿大联邦政府的科技战略调整相适应,近年来,加拿大联邦财政预算案越来越强调其创新导向,因而被称之为"创新预算"。从科技创新的视角解读2013-2014财年加拿大联邦财政预算案,该预算案除了有关于科技创新支出的专门部署外,还关注创新基础的夯实和创新渊源的培养。2013-2014财年加拿大联邦财政预算案仍然延续了上一财年"创新预算"的基调,科技创新的有关支出稳中有增,特别是上一财年提出的很多创新政策工具在本财年得到了比较精细化的设计,很多政策理念通过创新的政策工具设计而付诸实践。在这一背景下,加拿大用于支持创新投入的政策种类更加有新意和多样化。     

A Smooth Ride? From Industrial to Creative Urbanism in Oshawa,Ontario

In mainstream media, policy circles and academic scholarship, economic discourses have highlighted the importance of knowledge, creativity and innovation for generating economic growth. This has been translated into an urban planning and policy agenda which favours the establishment of research parks, innovation clusters, and especially universities along with amenities to attract creative‐class workers. In much of this literature universities are invested with an almost magical power to spur economic growth, and the benign language of ‘transition’ is used suggesting a rather seamless progression from one urban economic engine to another. Through analysis of policy documents and key informant interviews related to the establishment of a new university in Oshawa, Ontario, this case study seeks to challenge the straightforward relationship that is assumed to exist between universities and local economic development. Like other lagging regions across the OECD attempting to repair their economies through creative and knowledge urbanism, Oshawa's recent achievements are tempered by growing concerns about poverty, homelessness and inequality. Planners and policymakers that mistake the complexities of economic restructuring for a smooth ‘urban transition’ put their cities and citizens at risk of creating new problems out of efforts to improve local conditions.     

Assessing the factors that influence waste generation and diversion at Canadian festivals

ABSTRACT

Festivals can be important contributors to tourism and the social and economic sustainability of the communities in which they are located. A festival, however, can also negatively impact the environment by increasing demands on waste management and disposal. To better understand what factors influence festival waste management, we applied both quantitative and qualitative methods to find that provincial location, festival type and festival size significantly influence waste generation and diversion. Consistency in waste regulation and practices, sustainability partnerships with local stakeholders, and responsible leadership are encouraged.     

2009年加拿大食品检验局通报各国水产品安全问题分析

根据加拿大食品检验署官方网站向公众通报进口自各国水产品出现问题的情况,总结各国被通报问题涉及的安全项目,分析问题产生的原因,以期减少或避免类似情况的发生,希望对我国食品安全管理起到一定的借鉴作用,确保对加拿大水产贸易的顺利进行。     

加拿大应对气候变化新举措

近年来，全球性极端天气频仍，气候变化议题引起全球热切关注。加拿大是温室气体排放大国之一，人均排量更是名列前茅。近两年，加拿大出台了一系列减排和节能增效的政策和措施，同时加大力度促进清洁技术的开发和部署，希望在现有技术优势的基础上引领新能源时代。本文对加拿大近年为应对气候变化采取的政策和措施进行解读分析，发现一些可供借鉴之处。     

Tourism Education in Canada

SUMMARY

This paper explores the past, present, and future directions of tourism education in Canada, from its origins in the late 1960s until today. The study reviews the development of tourism education over four decades, with a particular focus on developments in Ontario. The influence of tourism organizations, and the impact of legislation on tourism and hospitality education in developing future industry leaders capable of sustaining and growing Canada's tourism industry are discussed. The paper also reflects on the current status of tourism education in Canada, the lack of government support for tourism research initiatives, and the loss of research talent to overseas universities. The research discovered a paucity of past historical documentation of tourism education in Canada and this paper is perhaps the first concerted effort to chronicle the 40-year cumulative history of formal tourism education in Canada.     

Water quality and cottage prices in Ontario

We use hedonic analysis to show that water clarity has a significant effect on lakefront property values in the Near North Ontario, Canada. In this study, water clarity is measured by Secchi disc reading. Based on two different dependent variables; sales price and sales price per square foot, and the estimation of linear, log–linear and log–log models, we find that water clarity does matter to lakefront property buyers in the Near North, Ontario. In particular, our results indicate that buyers are willing to pay about 2% more for each 1-foot increase in water clarity or Secchi depth. This finding is consistent across all of our specifications.     

The Rules for Foreign Investment in NAFTA

Abstract

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) produced a new set of rules for foreign direct investment (FDI). These applied the principle of national treatment, with the exception of a set of explicitly excluded sectors such as energy and automobiles. NAFTA also increased transparency and applied dispute settlement provisions for FDI disputes. The improved, rules-based climate for FDI can help increase FDI in NAFTA and stimulate growth and competitiveness. The rules for FDI in NAFTA can also serve as a model for other agreements such as the OECD's multilateral agreement on investment and the emerging investment liberalization of APEC.

El tratado de libre comercio (TLC) de America del Norte produjo un nuevo conjunto de reglas para la inversión directa extranjera (IDE) en la region. En particular, en esta nueva regulación se da el tratamiento de nacional a la IDE con la excepcion de algunos sectores como la energia y los automobiles. Adicionalmente, el TLC mejoro la transparencia y los mecanismos de negociacion para la resolucion de disputas y diferencias en materia de inversión directa extranjera. Con esta nueva regulación, tambien se puede esperar un incremento en la IDE y un nuevo crecimiento y competitividad en toda la region del TLC. La nueva regulación del TLC en America del Norte, puede servir como modelo para otros acuerdos como los de inversion multilateral de la OECD y los de liberalizacion de la inversion de la APEC.

O Acordo de Livre Comércio Norte-Americano (NAFTA) produziu um novo conjunto de regras para o investimento direto estrangeiro (IDE). Essas regras aplicaram o principio do tratamento nacional, com a exceção de um conjunto de setores explicitamente excluídos tais como os setores de energia e automobilistico. O NAFTA também aumentou a transparência and aplicou provis[otilde]es para a resolução de disputas às disputas relativas ao IDE. O clima de IDE melhorado, baseado em regras, pode ajudar a aumentar o IDE no NAFTA e estimular o crescimento e a competitividade. As regras para FDI no NAFTA também podem servir de modelo para outros acordos como o acordo multilateral sobre investimento da OCDE e a para a emergente liberalização de investimentos na área da APEC.     

Building and Maintaining Effective Buyer-Seller Relationships

Abstract

O'Grady and Lane (1996) have observed that Americans and Canadians have difficulty establishing the rapport for effective buyer-seller relationships, and that Canadians are especially disadvantaged. This article explored the marketing activities that American and Canadian managers preferred to establish these relationships. Differences were found in both relationship marketing and marketing mix factors. The Americans were significantly more committed to relational activities, building relationships based on respect, shared goals, personal trust and making sure everyone received the expected benefits. The Canadians focused more on pricing, and helping out when asked or needed. To do lists are offered for making each more effective with the other.     

加拿大低成本高效益卫生保障体系的感悟及思考

为全民及时提供高质量卫生服务是加拿大卫生改革发展的基本趋势。本文就加拿大卫生改革的经验和教训,从公平、效率和长期性三方面阐述了我国卫生改革发展可借鉴之处。