河南省县域农作物生产空间格局演变及专业化分区研究

[目的]河南省不同地区的光热水土条件存在较大差异,探索农作物种植的生产潜力最优区域,是新形势下提升河南省农作物产量和保障国家粮食安全战略的新思路。[方法]以县域为研究空间单元,选取河南省11种主要农作物为对象,借助空间经济学重心模型、专业化指数及空间自相关模型,通过地理信息系统(GIS)技术平台,揭示河南省农作物生产空间及专业化演变趋势。[结果]23年来,河南省县域农作物生产集聚及专业化水平持续提升,集聚空间呈"东进北上"演变趋势,其中麻类、烟草的生产集聚及专业化程度较高,谷物最低;蔬菜的生产集聚及专业化水平在2005年之后持续下降,水果在商丘东部形成了新的优势产区。基于此,将河南省11种农作物划分为绝对优势区、比较优势区、潜力优势区、不具优势区、优势衰退区和快速退出区6种类型生产空间,区域自然禀赋、制度政策、社会发展及农户个体意愿是河南省县域农作物生产空间演化主要驱动因素。[结论]基于农作物生产聚集及专业化水平演变趋势划定生产空间分区,引导农作物生产布局优化,对有效保障粮食安全具有重要意义。     

利用稻麦秸秆制备复合材料研究进展

全球年产几十亿吨农作物废弃物(如作物秸秆、稻麦壳、甘蔗渣等),弃之浪费且污染环境。利用这些废弃物为原料或增强材料制备复合材料成为当前研究热点之一。本文简述了国内外稻麦秸秆制备复合材料研究现状,包括秸秆界面改性、微观结构和性能分析等。分析废弃物增强复合材料的优势和不足,并展望其研究趋势。     

Diversification in Indian agriculture towards high value crops: Multilevel determinants and policy implications

Employing a multilevel model, this paper demonstrates the importance of contextual effects, over and above the compositional effects, in shaping the geographical pattern of agricultural diversification towards high value crops. The results reveal that, besides household-level differences, the contextual effects of higher geographical levels, especially states and villages, explain significant variation in land-use under high value crops, but these do not apply to all types of crops and farm classes in a similar manner. Further, the findings also ascertain that ignoring one or more geographical or administrative levels may yield biased estimates, leading to erroneous conclusions and an incomplete understanding of the geography of agricultural diversification. From a policy perspective, these evidences provide an important feedback for the correct targeting of diversification strategies, their coordination and monitoring at different geographical or administrative levels for efficient, sustainable and inclusive growth of agriculture.     

Risk definition and the struggle for legitimation: a case study of Bt cotton in Andhra Pradesh,India

This article explores the struggle for legitimation associated with the attempt to define the risk of Bt cotton, a genetically modified crop, in Andhra Pradesh, India. Beck asserts that, given the uncertainty associated with risk society, efforts to define risk are creating the need for a new political culture. This article argues that this political culture emerges from attempts to legitimate power within risk definition. This is examined using critical discourse analysis on interview excerpts with key figures in the Bt cotton debate. Legitimation is explored using the categories of legitimation developed by Van Leeuwen. These are (a) authorisation; (b) moral evaluation; (c) rationalisation; and (d) mythopoesis. The analysis highlights that the political culture which emerges in response to risk society is in a state of constant flux and contingent upon the ongoing struggle for legitimation with regard to the definition of risk.     

我国农产品价格形成机制及波动效应分析

在市场机制下,基于不同的市场交易,形成农产品集市价格、批发价格和期货价格,三者共同调节农产品市场供求关系。我国粮食价格波动轨迹符合蛛网模型现象,表明农产品供求弹性较小,无论源于供给还是需求方的变化,都会引起农产品价格较大幅度的变化。农产品价格的不稳定性,实质上反映着农业收益的不稳定性。建立农业共生组织,通过市场主体间的共生与协作,形成农业产前、产中和产后各环节的互补性和资源依存性,是稳定农产品价格的一种准市场性的资源配置方式。     

中国农业集聚重心与农民收入重心变动研究——基于粮食类农作物空间布局变化的实证检验

[目的]考察中国农业集聚的空间分布和变化特征,分析农业集聚重心与农民收入重心两者的相互关系。[方法]文章利用了1985~2015年相关农业产量统计数据,运用了重心分析方法。[结果]1985年以来我国农业空间分布整体呈现南下西进特征,但不同农作物的表现有所不同。谷物1985~2015年整体呈现向东偏北特征,豆类整体呈现向西偏南特征。谷物等主要集中在东北地区,豆类等主要集中在西南地区。而从农民收入重心看,农民收入在空间分布上呈现北上东进特征,2009年后,呈现南上西进特征。农业集聚重心与农民收入重心存在长期协整关系,农业集聚对农民收入产生正向影响。[结论]农业集聚程度与农民收入密切相关,通过农业集约化、专业化生产提高农业集聚程度,可以促进农业发展进而影响农民收入。     

Is Bt Cotton a Pro‐Poor Technology? A Review and Critique of the Empirical Record

Policy makers, journalists and other commentators have hailed genetically modified (GM) crops as a ‘pro‐poor’ success in the developing world. Their confidence appears to be justified by the encouraging conclusions reached by academic studies on the performance and impacts of GM crops, which seem to provide convincing evidence of substantial benefits for smallholders in developing countries. However, a detailed, critical examination of studies on transgenic, insect‐resistant cotton in China, India and South Africa demonstrates that the technology's impacts have been evaluated and represented in selective and misleading ways. The performance and impacts of GM crops have in fact been highly variable, socio‐economically differentiated and contingent on a range of agronomic, socio‐economic and institutional factors. The shortcomings of the GM crop‐impacts literature have done a disservice to public and policy debates about GM crops in international development and impeded the development of sound, evidence‐based policy.     

农作物在园林绿化中的应用

列举了一些具有代表性的农作物,以其主要形态特征为依据,阐明其在园林绿化中应用的特点;农作物应用于园林绿化的优点很多,值得推广使用。     

以垂直农业方式发展高效现代生态农业

垂直农业是一个系统工程，是现代农业科学技术的综合应用，涉及到无土栽培技术、精准农业技术、设施农业技术等项目。该文根据垂直农业的特点，结合目前广东农工商职业技术学院热带作物专业的教学要求，探索垂直农业模式在热带亚热带地区的应用。     

Mobilizing Against GM Crops in India, South Africa and Brazil

This paper explores the national and transnational character of mobilization against GM crops in India, South Africa and Brazil in the ten-year period to 2005. By examining the contexts and practices of mobilization across the three countries, and in particular the complex, often fraught, local and global connections, the paper examines the diverse mobilizations that have occurred. The paper argues that to understand these processes, particular national political and economic contexts must be appreciated, alongside how the GM debates articulate with other foci for activism and the complex and often fragile nature of alliances that make up activist networks. The paper shows how the debate about GM crops has become a much wider one: about the future of agriculture and small-scale farmers, about corporate control and property rights and about the rules of global trade. In sum, a debate not just about the pros and cons of a particular set of technologies, but about politics and values and the future of agrarian society.