Survival of the fittest: The impact of eco‐certification and reputation on firm performance

Owing to the increased trend for organic products and the concept of sustainable development, firms must invest in valuable and unique resources to achieve long‐term success and gain competitive advantages. Building on insights from the resource‐based view and natural‐resource‐based view of the firm, the study focuses on the contribution of corporate reputation and eco‐certification as intangible influences on corporate performance. Duration analysis is applied on a sample of 1,572 German wineries over the period 1994 to 2017. The results indicate that individual reputation and eco‐certification have a statistically significant and positively impact on corporate performance, whereas there is no clear evidence of this relationship for collective reputation. In addition, especially those firms with high individual reputation benefit most from eco‐certification. These results are robust across different parametric and semiparametric model estimations.     

中国上市公司董事会结构研究——基于适者生存的视角

董事会治理是企业经营过程中运用最多的治理机制之一,与对其他治理机制的研究一样,对董事会治理和企业绩效之间关系的研究结论众说分谈,相互矛盾。文章避开以往的研究思路,从适者生存角度来研究我国董事会结构的演进过程,发现二元式领导权结构和高独立性的董事会结构有更强的适应性,并且发现董事会的独立性比领导权结构对治理绩效的影响更大。     

Optimal public policy with endogenous mortality

We analyze the welfare‐maximizing policy mix between explicit and implicit taxation, where the probability of survival of the young agents depends upon the share of government expenditure on health, education and infrastructure. We show that increases in the survival probability lead to an increase in the reliance on seigniorage as a welfare maximizing outcome. However, the seigniorage tax base must be large enough for the benevolent planner to use the inflation tax.     

企业活力的定量评价研究——神马实业股份有限公司企业活力定量评价

本文运用了定量评价的方法，从生存与发展力、应变力、竞争力和盈利力四个方面，用16个指标从不同角度对神马实业股份有限公司1994年1998年的企业活力进行了评价，并对评价结果进行了分析，客观地预测了公司未来发展的趋势。在此基础上，针对其存在的问题，提出了建立和对策。     

Micro-level stochastic loss reserving for general insurance

The vast literature on stochastic loss reserving concentrates on data aggregated in run-off triangles. However, a triangle is a summary of an underlying data-set with the development of individual claims. We refer to this data-set as ‘micro-level’ data. Using the framework of Position Dependent Marked Poisson Processes) and statistical tools for recurrent events, a data-set is analyzed with liability claims from a European insurance company. We use detailed information of the time of occurrence of the claim, the delay between occurrence and reporting to the insurance company, the occurrences of payments and their sizes, and the final settlement. Our specifications are (semi)parametric and our approach is likelihood based. We calibrate our model to historical data and use it to project the future development of open claims. An out-of-sample prediction exercise shows that we obtain detailed and valuable reserve calculations. For the case study developed in this paper, the micro-level model outperforms the results obtained with traditional loss reserving methods for aggregate data.     

The death of firms: exploring the effects of environment and birth cohort on firm survival in Sweden

This paper investigates the death of firms and seizes a long-term perspective. It investigates the life spans of nearly 2,200 firms in seven birth cohorts of Swedish joint-stock companies, founded during seven separate years between 1899 and 1950. Research has traditionally emphasized individual- and micro-oriented factors in explaining post-entry performance, or has often focused on the influence of firm-specific structural factors (firm age and size). A less attended field recognizes environmental forces. This paper focuses on the interaction between the micro and macro levels, and combines structural and environmental factors. Employing a cohort approach, it relates firm survival to firm age and size, as well as to the effect of cohort affiliation and environmental change over time (period effects). During macroeconomic expansion, the risk of death decreases. Cohort effects are also evident. Firms founded during times of economic crisis exhibit lower survival rates. Consequently, cohort affiliation and environmental forces, i.e. period effects, can explain differences in death rates in different firm populations.

经营道德——中小民营企业生存与发展之本

我国中小型民营企业的发展在国民经济中具有重要地位。目前中小型民营企业非道德经营行为对于行业、地区乃至国民经济发展产生严重影响和危害。依据中小民营企业常见的非道德经营、违法经营行为和现象,应该从强化政府行政管理、鼓励行业自律管理、加强舆论宣传和企业家经营道德教育、建立企业和经营者经营道德管理体系、提高中小民营企业管理水平等方面,制约企业非道德经营行为。     

Success and Risk Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase

Why does one person actually succeed in starting a business, while a second person gives up? In order to answer this question, a sample of 517 nascent entrepreneurs (people in the process of setting up a business) was followed over a three-year period. After this period, it was established that 195 efforts were successful and that 115 startup efforts were abandoned. Our research focuses on estimating the relative importance of a variety of approaches and variables in explaining pre-startup success. These influences are organized in terms of Gartner’s (Academy of Management Review 10(4), 696–706 [1985]) framework of new venture creation. This framework suggests that start-up efforts differ in terms of the characteristics of the individual(s) who start the venture, the organization that they create, the environment surrounding the new venture, and the process by which the new venture is started. Logistic regression analyses are run for the sample as a whole as well as for subgroups within the sample, namely for those with high ambition vs. low ambition and for those with substantial vs. limited experience. The results point to the importance of perceived risk of the market as a predictor of getting started vs. abandoning the startup effort.     

徽雕艺术之生存

徽雕艺术的生存和发展与人们的生活、生产方式、社会文化背景有着密切的联系。当代徽雕艺术应从内容、材料、工艺、式样等方面进行创新。     

特色经营是小企业生存与之路

通过对地勘单位所属小企业现状的分析,提出重视特色经营的发展策略及采取灵活的经营方式,提高小企业整体素质等措施来促进小企业的生存与发展.