GATT第20条争端案例下的碳关税征收合法性分析

文章援引GATT第20条豁免条款经典案例,将碳关税合法性纳入WTO争端解决机制"两步走"审核程序。通过剖析争端解决机制对案例的裁决,认为碳关税满足GATT第20条(g)款,同时通过与多边国家协商制定多方认可的碳关税征收的无歧视标准,可通过GATT第20条前言的要求,从而认为碳关税征收满足GATT第20条豁免条款,案例折射出WTO争端解决机制对可耗竭自然资源保护措施的态度由承认其重要性、到肯定再到鼓励,都增加了碳关税征收的可能性。     

国际碳贸易价格波动对可再生能源投资的影响机制——基于实物期权理论的分析

有效利用可再生能源是促进节能减排实现绿色循环经济的重要手段。目前,可再生能源技术成本仍高于传统能源技术,因而需要获得额外的经济激励以增加其投资。《京都议定书》所建立的国际碳贸易体系是支持发展中国家实现碳减排的重要机制,但该贸易体系发展前景不明确,这将深刻影响我国可再生能源投资。本文分析和揭示了国际碳贸易体系的不确定性对可再生能源投资决策的影响,在此基础上提出了分别存在于可再生能源项目前期规划阶段和项目建设阶段的增长期权和延迟期权;通过构建两阶段期权模型研究国际碳价格波动下企业延迟投资的灵活性,并量化确定可再生能源项目投资期权价值,采用Monte-Carlo仿真分析法进一步验证模型,推导得出国际碳价格波动对可再生能源项目投资的作用机制。     

基于开关扩展卡尔曼滤波的姿态估计

针对低成本动中通系统中的姿态估计问题,提出一种开关扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。以 无航向角的姿态更新算法为基础,根据微机械陀螺和加速度计分别建立系统状态方程和测量 方程。针对机动加速度的影响,设计了三维开关扩展卡尔曼滤波方程,对载体姿态角和陀螺 零偏进行实时估计。实验结果表明,该算法能够准确估计载体姿态和陀螺零偏,姿态角估计 误差小于0.5°,俯仰角和横滚角估计误差的方差分别为0.130 1°和0.140 5°, 两轴陀螺零偏误差均值均小于(2×10-4) °/s,能够满足动中通的应用要求。     

Disaggregation and consolidation of imperfect quality shipments in an extended EPQ model

We consider a standard economic production quantity (EPQ) model. Due to manufacturing variability, a fraction P of the produced inventory will have imperfect quality, where P is a random variable with a known distribution. We consider a 100% inspection policy and further assume that the inspection rate is larger than that of production. Thus, all imperfect quality items will be detected by the end of the production cycle. For such an augmented EPQ model, we first derive the new optimal production quantity assuming that the imperfect quality items are salvaged once at the end of every production cycle. Then, we extend this base model to allow for disaggregating the shipments of imperfect quality items during a single production run. Finally, we consider aggregating (or consolidating) the shipments of imperfect items over multiple production runs. Under both scenarios we derive closed-form expressions for both the economic production quantity and the batching policy, and show that our desegregation/consolidation schemes can lead to significant cost savings over the base model.     

基于AHP-FCE的氯碱化工园区循环经济评价研究

结合氯碱化工园区的实际情况,建立了氯碱化工园区循环经济评价指标体系,运用层次分析法(analytical hierarchy process,AHP)确定了指标体系中各指标的权重,运用模糊综合评判(fuzzy com prehensive evaluation,FCE)理论,建立了氯碱化工园区循环经济综合评价模型,并将这一模型应用于某氯碱化工园区循环经济的综合评价。实例表明:模糊综合评价方法可操作性强,可在氯碱化工园区循环经济综合评价中广泛应用。     

中国治理通货膨胀的货币政策操作方式选择

本文从中国特殊的金融体制安排出发,归纳了中国货币政策工具和目标体系。然后分别以"中介目标—最终目标"与"操作目标—中介目标"为基础构建两组向量自回归模型,通过格兰杰因果检验、预测误差方差分解以及脉冲响应分析,量化比较各种政策工具、目标的作用效果,以识别治理通货膨胀的有效货币政策操作方式。研究发现:狭义货币供应量是影响中国通货膨胀最有效的中介目标;而金融机构信贷计划又是影响狭义货币供应量的最有效操作目标。论文论述了信贷规模控制制度下的货币创造与货币供给机制,对实证结论进行了解释。相关政策建议包括:对于较为严重的通货膨胀,应该迅速从信贷规模控制入手,切断货币投放的主渠道;对于公众能够承受的温和通货膨胀,主要还应运用存款准备金率等市场化工具;实行利率市场化并优化贷款结构则是长期努力方向。最后论文简要评价了危机后中国的货币政策操作。     

所有权与自然垄断产业规制——组合模式及选择

对于自然垄断产业采用何种所有权结构的规制模式,在理论研究与实践操作中都存在着多样化的选择。本文主要比较分析了民营外生规制、国有内生规制和混合所有权规制三种不同组合模式,并认为混合所有权规制模式较好地兼容了其他模式的优点,可以成为自然垄断产业改革与治理进程中的一个可取路径。欧盟国家自然垄断产业的改革经验,从实践上证明了混合所有权规制模式的可行性,尽管其也存在一定的局限性。同时,本文认为对于转型改革时期的中国,针对自然垄断行业的国有企业,可以考虑采用混合所有权规制模式的改革路径,通过股权开放的形式放松民营资本进入自然垄断产业的行业管制,并有效、平稳地建立起自然垄断产业规制体系。     

Regulation and competition in the European mobile communications industry: An examination of the implementation of mobile number portability

Over the past two decades, the mobile communications industry has seen a considerable drop in the consumer switching charges made by service providers in order to promote effective competition and ensure a level playing field for new market entrants. Mobile Number Portability (MNP) is an important regulatory measure taken to reduce switching costs, and it is believed to play an important role in fostering competition in the mobile market. MNP implementation has varied significantly across European Union countries, particularly with respect to porting time and customer fees, both of which are important factors when deciding whether to switch to another provider. The research examines the effects of MNP implementation on competition in the European mobile communications industry. The study findings indicate that subscriber churn rates are negatively affected by both the level of charges levied on subscribers wishing to maintain their current number (porting) when switching mobile providers and the length of time required to switch. The implications of the effectiveness of MNP regulation for competition in the mobile communications industry are discussed.     

The informational relevance of corporate social responsibility: evidence from DS400 index reconstitutions

This study examines the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance by analyzing the intra‐industry wealth impact of additions and deletions to the Domini Social 400 index. Results from the event study analysis indicate that additions to the index generate a positive share price response for the announcement firm and a negative response by rival firms. The opposite reaction is observed for index deletions. Additionally, the share price response is more pronounced for informationally opaque industries. Our study highlights the importance of external monitoring agencies in providing meaningful information that helps resolve investor uncertainty regarding the quality of a firm's relationships with its primary stakeholders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.