企业内部控制理论的发展与启示

本文从控制论原理出发 ,对内部控制作了多层面的理解 ;在研究了内部控制理论的最新进展 ,即COSO报告出台的背景、具体内容及创新特点之后 ,提出该报告对构建我国企业内部控制综合框架的启发和借鉴意义体现在五个方面 ,即完善企业的控制环境、进行全面的风险评估、设立良好的控制活动、加强信息流动与沟通、加强企业的内部监督 ;同时建议有关部门和团体制定企业内部控制准则或指南 ,为企业内部控制建设提供一个框架和参考依据  

内部控制框架的构建

内部控制的嬗变告诉我们 :保证会计信息的真实性是内部控制发展的主线 ,会计控制是企业内部控制的核心 ,内部控制目标随公司治理机制的完善呈多元化趋势。内部控制框架与公司治理机制的关系是内部管理监控系统与制度环境的关系。内部控制框架在公司制度安排中担任内部管理监控的角色 ,成为公司管理中不可缺少的部分。在内部控制框架的构建中 ,应采取双管齐下和分步走的战略。内部控制框架构建中应抓住的关键问题是 ,健全管理机构 ,厘清管理权责 ;确立董事会在内部控制框架构建中的核心地位 ;内部审计机构设置与科学定位 ;强化预算管理 ;建立具有操作性的道德规范与行为准则。  

Clusters and the new economics of competition

Economic geography in an era of global competition poses a paradox. In theory, location should no longer be a source of competitive advantage. Open global markets, rapid transportation, and high-speed communications should allow any company to source any thing from any place at any time. But in practice, Michael Porter demonstrates, location remains central to competition. Today's economic map of the world is characterized by what Porter calls clusters: critical masses in one place of linked industries and institutions--from suppliers to universities to government agencies--that enjoy unusual competitive success in a particular field. The most famous example are found in Silicon Valley and Hollywood, but clusters dot the world's landscape. Porter explains how clusters affect competition in three broad ways: first, by increasing the productivity of companies based in the area; second, by driving the direction and pace of innovation; and third, by stimulating the formation of new businesses within the cluster. Geographic, cultural, and institutional proximity provides companies with special access, closer relationships, better information, powerful incentives, and other advantages that are difficult to tap from a distance. The more complex, knowledge-based, and dynamic the world economy becomes, the more this is true. Competitive advantage lies increasingly in local things--knowledge, relationships, and motivation--that distant rivals cannot replicate. Porter challenges the conventional wisdom about how companies should be configured, how institutions such as universities can contribute to competitive success, and how governments can promote economic development and prosperity.  

建立和完善内部控制的思考

加强内部控制是贯彻《会计法》的一项要求。论文提出内部控制的发展与政府的推动密不可分 ;在我国 ,应注重内部控制理论和方法的研究 ,并重视内部控制的实务指导 ,运用业务循环法来设计企业内部控制。同时要重视内部控制管理与现行体制、法规的协调统一 ;重视对单位负责人进行内部控制的宣传。  

会计诚信问题的理性思考

文章结合这几年中外会计信息严重失真的现实，说明会计诚信缺失已成为一个国际性难题。西方发达国 家经济成功的历史经验证明，会计诚信原则客观存在并对促进经济发展发挥着基础性作用。作者把当代会计诚 信缺失归因为会计陷入了“囚徒困境”，而市场经济发展的不充分，垄断现象的存在，则导致了会计诚信原则的 实现具有很大的相对性。最后运用社会契约理论，揭示了中国会计实务的“超规范” 内涵，指出现实中会计 “道德自由空间”存在着伦理规范与真实规范之间的尖锐对立，从而导致会计作假问题。解决问题的可行方法是 让单位领导人成为会计法律责任的惟一责任人，这样才有望真正确立中国会计的诚信原则。  

激励机制与企业绩效——一项基于上市公司的实证研究

中国上市公司１９９８ 年度报告披露了高级管理人员持股及年度报酬的有关信息。于是，对公司的激励问题成为市场讨论的热点。本文运用回归模型，并对样本总体依据资产规模、行业、国家股比例和公司所在区域进行了分组检验，发现我国上市公司经理人员的年度报酬与企业绩效并不相关，而是与企业规模密切相关，并表现出明显的地区差异；高级管理人员的持股比例偏低，也不能发挥其应有的激励作用。本文最后，笔者运用行为科学的有关理论，提出了工资、奖金、股票期权三位一体的报酬体系，并对相应的配套措施提出了自己的建议。  

“掏空”与所有权安排——来自我国上市公司大股东资金占用的经验证据

本文以我国A股上市公司 2 0 0 0— 2 0 0 3年的关联交易数据为基础 ,对所有权结构与控股股东的掏空 (Tun neling)行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明 ,控股股东占用的上市公司资金与第一大股东持股比例之间存在先上升后下降的非线性关系 ,但与其他股东的持股比例则表现出严格的负相关关系。另外 ,控股股东的控制方式以及产权性质也对其资金占用行为具有重要影响。其中 ,通过控股公司控制上市公司的控股股东占用的资金低于通过企业集团控制的上市公司 ,国有企业控制的公司的控股股东占用的资金高于非国有企业控制的上市公司。  

The balanced scorecard--measures that drive performance

Frustrated by the inadequacies of traditional performance measurement systems, some managers have abandoned financial measures like return on equity and earnings per share. "Make operational improvements and the numbers will follow," the argument goes. But managers do not want to choose between financial and operational measures. Executives want a balanced presentation of measures that allow them to view the company from several perspectives simultaneously. During a year-long research project with 12 companies at the leading edge of performance measurement, the authors developed a "balanced scorecard," a new performance measurement system that gives top managers a fast but comprehensive view of the business. The balanced scorecard includes financial measures that tell the results of actions already taken. And it complements those financial measures with three sets of operational measures having to do with customer satisfaction, internal processes, and the organization's ability to learn and improve--the activities that drive future financial performance. Managers can create a balanced scorecard by translating their company's strategy and mission statements into specific goals and measures. To create the part of the scorecard that focuses on the customer perspective, for example, executives at Electronic Circuits Inc. established general goals for customer performance: get standard products to market sooner, improve customers' time-to-market, become customers' supplier of choice through partnerships, and develop innovative products tailored to customer needs. Managers translated these elements of strategy into four specific goals and identified a measure for each.  

公司治理与会计信息质量关系的实证研究

本文选取了因财务报告舞弊而被证监会处罚的上市公司作为研究样本 ,从股权结构、董事会特征两方面 ,对公司治理与财务报告舞弊之间的关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明 ,法人股比例、执行董事比例、内部人控制度、监事会的规模与财务舞弊的可能性正相关 ,流通股比例则与之负相关。此外 ,如果公司的第一大股东为国资局 ,公司更可能发生财务舞弊。因此要解决上市公司的会计信息失真问题 ,应该从完善公司治理入手。  

Corporate Ownership Around the World

We use data on ownership structures of large corporations in 27 wealthy economies to identify the ultimate controlling shareholders of these firms. We find that, except in economies with very good shareholder protection, relatively few of these firms are widely held, in contrast to Berle and Means's image of ownership of the modern corporation. Rather, these firms are typically controlled by families or the State. Equity control by financial institutions is far less common. The controlling shareholders typically have power over firms significantly in excess of their cash flow rights, primarily through the use of pyramids and participation in management.