Accounting for Option–based Compensation: The Economic Cost Approach

The intrinsic value approach amortizes over the life of the option, the difference between the stock price on the date of the grant and the exercise price of the option. The fair market value approach amortizes over the life of the option, the market value of stock options on the date of the grant. These approaches do not reflect the changes in the option–based compensation cost after the grant date. This paper proposes an economic cost approach that not only adjusts for the changes in the value of the options during its life but also records the issuance of the stock at fair market value on the exercise date.     

Household Surveys,Consumption, and the Measurement of Poverty

Household surveys are playing an increasingly important role in the measurement of poverty and well-being around the world. The Living Standards Measurement Study, which was begun in the World Bank under the guidance of Graham Pyatt in 1979, has played an important role in this movement. Its surveys are widely used within the Bank to measure consumption-based poverty, and survey data are now the exclusive basis for the global poverty counts. This paper discusses a number of unresolved issues in using consumption-based surveys for measuring well-being, including the choice of a money-metric versus welfare-ratio approach, the collection of suitable price information, the effects of measurement error on estimation, and methods for correcting per capita consumption for the demographic structure of the household.     

Stability and Segregation in Group Formation

This paper presents a model of group formation based on the assumption that individuals prefer to associate with people similar to them. It is shown that, in general, if the number of groups that can be formed is bounded, then a stable partition of the society into groups may not exist. (A partition is defined as stable if none of the individuals would prefer be in a different group than the one he is in.) However, if individuals' characteristics are one-dimensional, then a stable partition always exists. We give sufficient conditions for stable partitions to be segregating (in the sense that, for example, low-characteristic individuals are in one group and high-characteristic ones are in another) and Pareto efficient. In addition, we propose a dynamic model of individual myopic behavior describing the evolution of group formation to an eventual stable, segregating, and Pareto efficient partition. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, H41.     

Symmetry and order in the portfolio allocation problem

Summary. This research studies the role of multivariate distribution structures on random asset returns in determining the optimal allocation vector for an expected utility maximizer. All our conclusions pertain for the set of risk averters. By carefully disturbing symmetry in the distribution of the, possibly covarying, returns, we ascertain the ordinal structure of the optimized allocation vector. Rank order of allocations is also established when a permutation symmetric random vector is mapped into the returns vector through location and scale shifts. It is shown that increased dispersion in the vectors of location and scale parameters benefit, ex-ante, investors as does a decrease in the rank correlation coefficient between the location and scale parameter vectors. Revealed preference comparative static results are identified for the location and scale vectors of asset returns. For most issues addressed, we arrive at much stronger inferences when a safe asset is available. Received: August 8, 2000; revised version: January 8, 2001     

Tari–tax reforms and market access

Reducing taris and increasing consumption taxes is a standard IMF advice to countries that want to open up their economy without hurting government finances. Indeed, theoretical analysis of such a tari–tax reform shows an unambiguous increase in welfare and government revenues. The present paper examines whether the country that implements such a reform ends up opening up its markets to international trade, i.e. whether its market access improves. It is shown that this is not necessarily so. We also show that, comparing to the reform of only taris, the tari–tax reform is a less efficient proposal to follow both as far as it concerns market access and welfare.     

旅游企业债务结构特征及其经济后果研究

对旅游企业债务结构的特征及其经济后果进行了实证分析。结果发现,我国旅游企业的债务期限结构以2003年为拐点,呈现出短期负债逐步下降而长期负债逐步上升的趋势;债务类型结构则呈现出商业信用方式融资所占比重较低的特征。此外,债务期限结构中的短期负债不利于企业业绩提高,这在景区类上市公司中体现得尤为明显;债务类型结构中的银行信用、商业信用的存在对企业业绩提升均起到正面影响。研究结果对于促进我国旅游企业债务结构的优化,提升旅游企业竞争力和促进旅游企业的可持续发展提供相关的理论依据和经验支持。     

中小银行流动性风险的成因及防范策略

中小商业银行在保持高利润前提下产生流动性风险与其资产负债业务构成的不对称性、业务拓展的不均衡性以及主动负债能力弱、市场竞争力弱等特点密不可分,在市场经济不断推进、银行竞争不断加剧的形势下,中小银行应进一步加强流动性风险管理,优化负债与信贷结构,深化网点建设,加大货币市场参与力度.     

论主流诗学对翻译的影响

翻译是两种语言文化之间的交流与融合,原著的文学光芒与艺术生命想要在目的语境中得以再现和延续,迻译过程势必受到译入语文化的影响。基于勒菲弗尔操纵论中诗学的相关理论,通过对王科一的《傲慢与偏见》中译本研究,探讨其文本翻译时译入语社会的主流诗学,从诗学的两类表现形式——措辞和句式——两个方面对译本进行分析,证实在一定的社会文化语境中,为保证译介活动顺利进行,译者受主流诗学观的影响,改写操控原文,使译作符合译入语主流诗学的追求和主张。     

高校休闲体育课程内容设计解析——以湖南工业职业技术学院为例

体育课程内容设计是指依据一定的课程目标,将体育学科中纷繁的构成要素组合成具有某种特定的形式结构的活动。针对目前部分高校体育课程内容设计的比较和分析,以湖南工业职业技术学院为例,从课程内容设计的依据,课程内容的结构,以及课程内容设计的资源保障等方面解读和分析,主客观两方面因素决定着休闲体育课程内容设计的原则,目前高校体育课程结构设计确实存在问题,要发挥出课程设计的整体优势,课程结构各要素的完整性及其有机联系而形成的系统性是设计的实质核心;湖南工业职院以高校公体课＂三自主＂的原则为纲,开发灵活互动的＂三结合＂模式,以及学分制课程模式的基础上,所开设的休闲体育课程内容及结构符合休闲体育课程发展的方向;此外,课程资源的丰富和全面是课程内容设计得以顺利实施的保障。     

中部地区实现GDP与城乡居民收入同步增长的制约因素研究——以湖南省为例

我国幅员辽阔,区域经济发展水平参差不齐,想要协调各地区居民收入与经济同步增长的实现程度,统筹全国区域经济的发展,就有必要提倡优先带动落后,找出落后地区的短板,汲取领先地区的经验,最终共同实现同步目标。选取湖南省作为中部地区的代表,上海市、广东省作为东部地区的代表,对三地区2003年至2012年GDP与居民收入同步增长演进特征及制约因素进行比较分析,目的在于以东部地区的发展经验为参照,探究中部地区（以湖南省为代表）实现同步目标的制约因素,并针对具体情况提出相应的政策建议。