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1.
While research suggests a link between individuals' prior international experiences and their future participation in global work, we know little about how and the conditions under which this relationship occurs. Drawing on career motivation theory, we conceptualize global identity as a mediator between individuals' density of prior international experiences—defined as the extent to which time spent in culturally novel countries has provided individuals with developmental opportunities—and their global work aspirations, which in turn leads to their global work involvement. Further, this multi-stage mediation model holds mainly when individuals receive positive feedback regarding their intercultural competencies (i.e., cultural intelligence) from their peers. We test our model using a multi-wave multi-source dataset spanning 6 years. We discuss implications for the literatures on prior international experiences and global careers.  相似文献   
2.
This study evaluates a wide range of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, boosting, and support vector regression to predict the collection rate of more than 65,000 defaulted consumer credits from the telecommunications sector that were bought by a German third-party company. Weighted performance measures were defined based on the value of exposure at default for comparing collection rate models. The approach proposed in this paper is useful for a third-party company in managing the risk of a portfolio of defaulted credit that it purchases. The main finding is that one of the machine learning models we investigate, the deep learning model, performs significantly better out-of-sample than all other methods that can be used by an acquirer of defaulted credits based on weighted-performance measures. By using unweighted performance measures, deep learning and boosting perform similarly. Moreover, we find that using a training set with a larger proportion of the dataset does not improve prediction accuracy significantly when deep learning is used. The general conclusion is that deep learning is a potentially performance-enhancing tool for credit risk management.  相似文献   
3.
The M5 competition uncertainty track aims for probabilistic forecasting of sales of thousands of Walmart retail goods. We show that the M5 competition data face strong overdispersion and sporadic demand, especially zero demand. We discuss modeling issues concerning adequate probabilistic forecasting of such count data processes. Unfortunately, the majority of popular prediction methods used in the M5 competition (e.g. lightgbm and xgboost GBMs) fail to address the data characteristics, due to the considered objective functions. Distributional forecasting provides a suitable modeling approach to overcome those problems. The GAMLSS framework allows for flexible probabilistic forecasting using low-dimensional distributions. We illustrate how the GAMLSS approach can be applied to M5 competition data by modeling the location and scale parameters of various distributions, e.g. the negative binomial distribution. Finally, we discuss software packages for distributional modeling and their drawbacks, like the R package gamlss with its package extensions, and (deep) distributional forecasting libraries such as TensorFlow Probability.  相似文献   
4.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has captured substantial interest from a wide array of marketing scholars in recent years. Our research contributes to this emerging domain by examining AI technologies in marketing via a global lens. Specifically, our lens focuses on three levels of analysis: country, company, and consumer. Our country-level analysis emphasizes the heterogeneity in economic inequality across countries due to the considerable economic resources necessary for AI adoption. Our company-level analysis focuses on glocalization because while the hardware that underlies these technologies may be global in nature, their application necessitates adaptation to local cultures. Our consumer-level analysis examines consumer ethics and privacy concerns, as AI technologies often collect, store and process a cornucopia of personal data across our globe. Through the prism of these three lenses, we focus on two important dimensions of AI technologies in marketing: (1) human–machine interaction and (2) automated analysis of text, audio, images, and video. We then explore the interaction between these two key dimensions of AI across our three-part global lens to develop a set of research questions for future marketing scholarship in this increasingly important domain.  相似文献   
5.
关于“数据权益的刑法保护”问题,在理论层面上,可从“刑法解释论”和“刑法立法论”两种路径进行探讨。“刑法解释论”探讨路径以现行《刑法》罪名体系为出发点,主要任务是揭示哪些罪名的犯罪构成之设置是以“数据权益”为规范保护目的;“刑法立法论”探讨路径是在刑法立法层面上探讨立法者为在刑法政策上实现数据权益的刑法保护这一目的,动用刑罚禁止何种行为类型才具正当性的问题。然而,两种探讨路径都将依赖于“数据权益”的内涵确定以及法益格的认定问题,换言之,是刑法法益理论在数据权益刑法保护问题上的具体运用。《民法典》第127条并非是关于数据的确权性规定,且在民法理论界关于数据权益的法律属性存在诸多争议的状况下,“数据权益”内涵不明、法律属性不清导致其并不具备作为刑法保护客体的“法益”格。当前刑法理论界存在的关于“数据权益”的刑法类法益保护模式探讨路径,是对刑法法益保护方式的误读,并未触及“数据权益刑法保护”之规范层面问题的实质。“数据安全”法益观的探讨路径则不仅混淆了现象层面与规范层面上的“数据犯罪”概念的界分,也由于没有论证“数据安全”如何能够构成刑法的保护法益,而导致结论过于武断。在理论探讨上,应该明确作为行为客体的物理层面上的“数据”概念与作为保护客体的法益层面上的“数据权益”概念之间的区别,据此明确“数据权益的刑法保护”在规范层面上是否构成新问题。  相似文献   
6.
和买,泛指官府向民间购买物品的行为。其核心便是“和”,即蕴含着自愿交易、买卖的官民双方地位平等、官府购买民间物品应以货币的形式支付对价等含义。为了规范和买行为和保障和买秩序,元继于宋,确立起了一整套包括均平摊派、时估、法定程序、和买钱货两清的支付原则、税课管理制度等在内的和买法律制度体系。然而,和买法律制度在“商品化/赋税化”“和/不和”的博弈中,最终滑向了政府主导、赋税化的境地,而随意的摊派与吏治的败坏在其中起到了催化剂的作用。和买法律制度只能在一定程度上起到减缓其由“和”向“不和”的赋税化性质蜕化的作用。  相似文献   
7.
为避免均衡性原则适用的模糊抽象,具体化成为学界共识,量化方法颇受关注。阿列克西设计的“权重公式Wij”的影响力较大,发挥着定序量化分析的功能,但公式的适用范围受限及构成要素的赋值不当,降低了其应用价值。解决问题的关键在于重构“权重公式”的适用框架,法经济学的分析方法能强化公式的适用能力,使量化过程更具客观性。在以利益为核心的成本收益分析框架下,“权利”作为公式的适用对象,经必要变量的逻辑改进,“权利”的保护强度作为公式的构成要素;经济学上的价值及“权利”的损害导向确立公式的量化基础,继而“权利”能实现货币等价或价值评估。尤其基于经济学的替代理论,“权利”之间构成了新的权衡模型:“权衡公式Bij。”在“权衡公式”的结果判定上,Bij≥1,手段不符合均衡性,不应改变“初始状态”下“权利”的比例关系;Bij<1,手段符合均衡性,且尽力选择使Bij值更小之手段。“权衡公式”兼具体系化与精细化分析能力,保持了严密结构和强操作性,为更普遍的实践应用提供新思路。在“权衡公式”与成本收益分析的关系上,它是一种融合成本收益分析的均衡性判断。  相似文献   
8.
基于权力(利)、义务、利益、责任与风险相匹配的基本逻辑,新《公司法》既要健全董监高的差异化公平问责规范体系,也要建立人性化合理减免责任制度。董监高问责能力取决于其职位的含权量、含金量、实际控制力与影响力,也取决于所在公司治理实况。要重点锁定并严惩关键少数者,严格区别独董与内部执行董事的法律角色。董监高责任应以过错责任为主、严格责任为例外。为精准识别董监高过错,建议采取法商、德商、智商、情商合一的理性人标准。要坚持责任自负为主、连带责任为辅。连带责任规范要保持统一化与谦抑化,赋予董监高在承担连带责任后的法定追偿权。要坚持有限责任为主、无限责任为辅。董监高对第三人不负责任为原则,负责为例外。建议精准甄别董监高个人责任与公司法人责任。章程或公司决议对法定代表人代表权的限制只要登记、备案或公示,即可对抗相对人。建议导入商事判断规则,允许公司自主豁免或减轻董监高责任,要求董监高自担最低责任限额,导入董监高责任保险制度。董监高问责机制要与股权激励相匹配。  相似文献   
9.
Online Travel Agents (OTAs) play an important intermediary role in the two-sided travel distribution market. A critical factor that enhances a firm's competitive advantage is innovation. Yet, the analysis of innovation in the OTA context is scarce. The main objective of this article is to fill this gap and examine the effect of OTA innovations on firm performance. We analyze the effect of two-sided market specific innovations (same-side and cross-side) on performance and contribute to the literature by expanding the theoretical understanding of innovations. We find that producer-to-consumer innovations have a greater effect on OTA performance than producer-to-producer and consumer-to-consumer innovations. A fundamental managerial implication is that exchange management is an area to be enhanced when innovating in travel market distribution.  相似文献   
10.
A comparative vignette-based experimental survey design incorporating various socio-psychological factors, linked to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale (DOSPERT) was carried out to test variations in eight travel-related COVID-19 protective measures on Swiss tourists’ travel intentions. Among the tested measures, vaccination passports, surgical masks and quarantining are those that stand out the most, with surgical masks having the greatest acceptance and willingness to adopt while traveling. Quarantining, on the other hand, appears to have a deterrent influence on travel intentions, and vaccination passports have the lowest perceived barriers during travel, but the highest perceived benefits in mitigating the spread of the infection. The discussion of individual differences has specific implications for tourism management against the background of our empirical findings.  相似文献   
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