Endogenous human capital formation,distance to frontier and growth

We examine human capital's contribution to economy-wide technological progress through two channels – imitation and innovation – innovation being more skill-intensive than imitation. We develop a growth model based on the endogenous ability-driven skill acquisition decision of an individual. It is shown that skilled human capital is growth enhancing in the “imitation-innovation” regime and in the “innovation-only” regime whereas unskilled human capital is growth enhancing in the “imitation-only” regime. Steady state exists and, in the long run, the economy converges to the world technology frontier. In the diversified regime, technological progress raises the return to ability and generates an increase in wage inequality between and within groups – consistent with the pattern observed across countries.     

技术投资选择与模仿陷阱问题研究

文章通过将中间产品生产厂商的技术投资选择引入罗默三部门内生增长模型中,构建了一个基于水平创新的技术进步模型。运用该模型对技术追随国技术赶超中厂商的技术投资选择与模仿向自主创新转型的问题进行研究。通过研究发现,技术赶超过程中经济运行的路径要经历模仿、创新两个均衡点。厂商利润为正时会进行技术投资,而厂商的技术投资选择模仿或者是创新会影响经济能否顺利跨越模仿陷阱而跃迁到创新均衡点。经济中能影响厂商技术投资选择的内部和外部因素都会对跨越模仿陷阱产生相应的作用;技术赶超国应该积极地提高企业的价值,提高技术知识储备和高人力资本的储备,同时还要大力建设国家的创新能力为企业创新营造一个好的创新环境。     

产业集群中企业技术创新战略选择的演化博弈分析

针对我国产业集群普遍缺乏自主技术创新源、大多处于集群全球等级体系低端的现状,从产业集群中的企业这一微观视角进行研究,考虑产业集群中两类企业分别在自主技术创新和模仿创新两种战略中进行选择,建立了技术创新战略选择的复制者动态模型,寻找其演化稳定策略。最后通过对演化博弈稳定策略的结果分析,得出3种因素:企业自主技术创新成本、模仿者对于创新者创造的新增收益的分享率、企业自主技术创新的转化因子,是如何影响产业集群中企业技术创新战略演化稳定点的。在此基础上,提出了利用演化稳定点促进产业集群技术创新的建议。     

模仿、复制、虚拟——不同类型视觉技术在现代广告中的运用

模仿、复制、虚拟是视觉技术发展的三大阶段,由此带来了不同形态视觉文化的出现。而广告的发展离不开视觉文化的进步,以不同视觉技术及相应的视觉文化为基础,在现代广告中出现了展示、装饰、象征、隐喻等表现手段。极大地丰富了广告的创意空间。     

跨国公司专利技术的信息化研发趋势

本文以1970年代至今不同时期发达国家专利技术的相关数据为分析基础,研究了发达国家,尤其是跨国公司为主体的技术研发趋势。进一步认识到信息产业技术创新的不同阶段的发展重心,并且不同发达国家有着不同优势,东亚国家、尤其是韩国在近几年来在信息技术上的赶超趋势明显。通过比较,指出跨国公司是技术创新基础上知识创造的重要力量,并且在组织、管理、研发等领域的广泛创新是信息战略的综合作用。中国应学习日本从专利模仿到自主申请专利,同时,注重基础研究的跟进与实践。     

混合双寡头模型下的R&D竞争:不确定性和模仿视角

通过引入模仿参数δ来衡量R&D容易被模仿的程度,对Joanna Poya-go-Theotoky(1998)的研究进行了拓展,验证了其基本结论的稳健性。此外,通过引入二次R&D成本函数,研究发现,混合双寡头与私人双寡头情况下的社会福利的比较是不确定的,除了依赖创新规模P以外,还取决于模仿参数d,即——(1)对于任意的d,创新规模越大,私人双寡头越倾向于占优混合双寡头,混合双寡头仅在创新规模较小的时候可能优于私人双寡头;(2)对于创新规模比较小的R&D,只有同时具备较容易的模仿程度,混合双寡头才会优于私人双寡头;(3)在不完全模仿(d≠1)的情况下,在R&D越来越容易被模仿的过程中,利率越高(低),私人双寡头优于混合双寡头的最低P值先上升(下降)后下降(上升)。     

Biosimilars in North America

ABSTRACT

The United States (US) is the world leader in the development of biopharmaceutical products. These new drugs, numbering about 200, are now losing patent protection and imitators are entering the market of comparable drugs, called biosimilars. According to a popular belief, these producers of biosimilars (erroneously called copycats) are everywhere, except in the United States. In North America, on both sides of the US border, the increase in the number of biosimilar producers is evident. In addition, although the US federal government tries to erect barriers against the entry of foreign-made biosimilars in the country, many states are lobbying the federal government and allowing the use of biosimilars. And biosimilars represent a very convenient ladder for emergent and industrial countries to learn the enigmatic routines of the pharmaceutical industry. Where this segment of the industry will be located is another matter.     

印度股票市场改革的经验与启示

印度股票市场改革对中国的启示主要在于,作为一个转型经济国家在发展金融市场尤其是股票市场的过程中出现某些消极问题在某种意义上是可以的,关键在于改革者要在既定的约束条件下完善相关的制度和规则,从而引导相关利益主体的行为以实现效率改进,同时在制度移植和模仿方面要注意有关的适用条件,在改革方式上宜快则快。     

Naive learning and cooperation in network experiments

In this paper we study learning and cooperation in repeated prisoners' dilemmas experiments. We compare interaction neighbourhoods of different size and structure, we observe choices under different information conditions, and we estimate parameters of a learning model.We find that naive imitation, although a driving force in many models of spatial evolution, may be negligible in the experiment. Naive imitation predicts more cooperation in spatial structures than in spaceless ones—regardless whether interaction neighbourhoods have the same or different sizes in both structures. We find that with some interaction neighbourhoods even the opposite may hold.