Neighbourhood Effects in Pesticide Use: Evidence from the Rural Philippines

This study investigates how pesticide use by neighbouring farmers affects a given farmer's pesticide use. Although it is common knowledge that pesticide use has spatial externalities, few empirical economic studies explicitly analyse this issue. Applying a spatial panel econometric model to plot‐level panel data for Bohol, Philippines, this study shows that pesticide use, especially for herbicides, is spatially correlated, although there is no statistically significant spatial correlation in unobserved shocks. This implies that farmers apply pesticides by referring to the behaviour of neighbouring farmers rather than responding directly to the intensity of their own infestation.     

Farmland prices and land-use changes in periurban protected natural areas

This paper provides empirical and conceptual insights in analysing the factors that determine the prices of farmland within Protected Natural Areas that are close to densely populated urban areas, the changes in land use experiences as well as the additional control policies needed to curb this unsustainable trend.The Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve nearby the metropolitan area of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) is the case study considered and its bordering non-protected rural area is used as a reference for comparison. A spatial hedonic farmland price model is estimated and the willingness of land purchasers to pay for different farmland characteristics quantified both inside and outside the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. The main results are that: (1) residential development is taking place in all categories of farmland, (2) aside from neighbouring prices, farmland prices depend on different factors depending on whether the marketed plots stand inside or outside the Protected Natural Area, (3) the “reserve effect” on land prices is less powerful than the “proximity to the metropolitan area (and motorway) effect” observed from villages of the non-protected area located in the 3rd crown of Bilbao, (4) the reasons for farmers non-compliance with policy regulations is the necessary knowledge base for the farmland conservation policy design and (5) in the light of the results, three development-control policy instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services, Tradable Planning Permits and development-taxes are discussed considering the factors that could improve compliance.     

回到简·雅各布斯的立场避免新区大学城规划的误区——以昆明理工大学呈贡校园为例

城市化的浪潮催生了大大小小的无数新区",大学城"规划便是时代背景下的一种典型的功能分区模式。这种模式是否给学生带来了更优良的学习环境?作者以在昆明理工大学呈贡校区生活的经验及一系列调查,发现其中存在的问题与简.雅各布斯对大城市城市病的看法较一致。虽然城市属性有所差别,但其独特的视角对当下城市新区大学城的规划建设有着先进的指导意义。     

Web2.0环境下网络效应对价值共创的影响机理研究

Web2.0环境下,众多网络平台注重用户参与、交流互动与开放共享,为生产者、消费者等多主体协同参与价值共创提供了条件。为了深入探究网络外部性效应对Web 2.0价值共创模式的影响,研究构建了考虑网络效应的网络平台双边用户参与价值共创的理论模型,模型均衡解表明,消费者参与Web2.0网络平台进行价值共创会增加产品或服务的附加价值,提升消费者满意度,提高消费者对产品或服务的认知价值,进而吸引更多消费者参与价值共创,而消费者数量的增加会进一步提高该服务的价值,并吸引更多商户参与,由此产生正向网络外部性效应。建立了分析消费者剩余的经济模型,剖析了Web2.0环境下消费者无法参与价值分配却仍愿意参与价值共创的内在驱动因素。     

共享经济的现代发展及其潜在问题:以共享单车为例的分析

共享经济减少了物品的闲置而最大限度地发挥了物品的功效,不仅可以增进生产者剩余和消费者剩余,而且也有利于打造新型的低碳环保的经济形态。但同时,共享经济的无序发展也带来了两大严重问题：（1）准公共品性质滋生出大量的搭便车行为,进而使得运营商受损;（2）准公共品性质还滋生出强烈的负外部性,进而使得运营商获利。进而,第一个问题的解决有赖于有效的治理机制,其中最佳机制是"强互惠"机制,而这依赖于社会网络的建设和文化伦理的培育;第二个问题的解决有赖于明确的责任界定,其中可行的措施是设立"维安基金",而这有赖于新的制度安排和立法思考。一般地,只有解决上述两大问题,才能全面衡量新兴共享经济的真实经济价值,进而才能更好地引导共享经济的有序发展。很大程度上,共享泡沫的产生和破灭都体现出市场创新的盲目性,从而就需要政府的积极规划和引导。     

企业区位决策、劳动力流动与集聚经济——基于外部性的一个初步思考

中国劳动力的流动是中国经济社会转型过程的产物,对不断变化中的劳动力流动持续进行观察与研究,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。经济集聚是货币外部性和技术外部性共同作用的结果。劳动力流动通过本地市场放大效应、循环累积效应影响货币外部性,并通过加快技术传播速度、提高经济个体匹配成功率影响技术外部性;以外部性为纽带,劳动力流动最终影响到了企业区位决策,从而实现经济活动的集聚。     

地区规模、集聚外部性与区域创新能力

采用2005-2013年中国内地30个地区（除西藏外）27个工业行业数据,构建面板门槛模型,实证检验不同地区规模下,区域内多样化集聚（Jacobs外部性）、专业化集聚（MAR外部性）和企业竞争对区域创新能力的影响。结果显示,当地区规模较小时,多样化集聚、专业化集聚与企业竞争都对区域创新能力具有显著促进作用,但随着地区规模的日益增大,多样化集聚对区域创新能力的促进作用明显减小;专业化集聚、企业竞争与区域创新能力之间存在倒U型关系。     

Impact of telecommuting on mass transit congestion: the Tokyo case

Telecommuting, a dispersed style of commuting enabled by developments in info-communication technology, is becoming increasingly popular among Japanese white-collar employees. According to our estimates, 9–14 million employees will telecommute by 2010, which will result in a 6.9–10.9% reduction in congestion in Tokyo, Japan. Associated cost savings are equivalent to 7.9–26.4% of annual spending on public transportation. Due to the considerable size of these positive external effects, some degree of policy support will be necessary to achieve a socially optimal level of penetration by telecommuting.     

技术外部性、工业集聚与地区经济的非均衡增长

经济增长的空间不平衡和路径依赖特征是近年来中国经济面临的重要问题。基于技术外部性产生的规模报酬递增，这篇文章从理论和经验上分析了技术外部性、工业集聚和地区经济非均衡增长之间的动态相互作用。分析结果表明，在逐渐成长起来的市场力量的作用下，这些因素动态相互作用产生的规模报酬递增延续和放大了地区间不平衡的工业化过程，从而导致了经济增长空间上的不平衡和地区收入差距时间上的持久性和自我增强的特征。     

农村城镇化进程中污染外部性规制的若干思考

农村城镇化的迅速发展,一方面,促进了农村经济的发展;另一方面,使城镇生态环境不断恶化.城镇生态环境的恶化反过来又限制了农村经济的进一步发展.本文以外部性理论为基础,分析了农村城镇化存在的负外部性问题,并揭示其产生根源,最后提出规制措施.