A core-theoretic solution for the design of cooperative agreements on transfrontier pollution

For a simple economic model of transfrontier pollution, widely used in theoretical studies of international treaties bearing on joint abatement, we offer in this paper a scheme for sharing national abatement costs through international financial transfers that is inspired by a classical solution concept from the theory of cooperative games—namely, the core of a game. The scheme has the following properties: total damage and abatement costs in all countries are minimized (optimality property), and no coalition or subset of countries can achieve lower total costs for its members by taking another course of action in terms of emissions or transfers, under some reasonable assumption about the reactions of those not in the coalition (core property). In the concluding section economic interpretations of the scheme are proposed, including its connection with the free-riding problem.  

对我国银行卡收费问题的经济分析及政策建议

本文从完全信息动态博弈假设出发研究银行卡收费的问题,探讨收费是否符合银行的经济利益,得出以下基本结论:加大中间业务收费力度、提高非利息收入比例是大势所趋;收费决策受收益水平、客户敏感度、自身规模等多种因素影响;农业银行收费是"个行理性"的行为;其他国有商业银行和交通银行都应加入收费的行列;招商银行的理性行为是不收费;其他中小银行目前的最佳选择是观望等待.在具体实践中,国有商业银行应该谨慎而坚定地推行服务收费,充分认识到收费的"双刃剑"效应,采取必要措施消除其负面影响;大多数中小银行在追求整体效益和经济规模的目标下会继续实施免费.  

Adverse selection when loss severities differ: First-best and costly equilibria

With information asymmetry between contracting parties, adverse selection may result. A separation may be achieved if low-risk types can signal their identity—for example, by selecting from a menu of price-quantity contracts. In such models, signaling is costly and solutions are, at best, second best. These models characterize risk types by differences in the probability, rather than in severity, of the costs they impose. However, when severity differences also are considered, first best solutions become feasible. We identify the circumstances in which costly separating equilibria prevail and those in which full-information equilibria can be attained.  

Trade Disclosure, Information Learning and Securities Market Performance

In this paper we examine the effect of information disclosure on securities market performance when liquidity traders are able to acquire information about inside trading. We show that the bid-ask spread increases with the liquidity trader's learning efficiency, which is greater when trade information is disclosed. The bid-ask spread is always higher when trade information is not disclosed. However, the discrepancy between the bid-ask spreads with and without information disclosure narrows when the learning efficiency increases. We also show that the gains of the informed traders in a market without trade information disclosure are reduced in the presence of the liquidity trader's learning. Nevertheless, liquidity traders do not necessarily benefit from increased transparency. In particular, liquidity traders may face higher trading costs.  

现实生活中的卡特尔组织

卡特尔组织是由竞争企业所构成的共谋联盟.企业通过在商品价格、产量和市场份额等方面订立协定而形成的同盟.本文将先阐述卡特尔组织的优点及其不稳定性,并运用保洁与联合利华的例子来分析卡特尔组织在现实生活中的稳定性.  

博弈论视角下公估人的理性选择及外部约束

保险公估人是保险业发展不可缺少的重要组成部分,但"公估不公"始终是公估行业发展中的一个难题。作为一种典型的承揽关系,保险人与公估人之间存在着信息不对称,以及由此带来的道德风险。本文从博弈论的角度,构建公估人和保险人之间的策略型博弈,通过求解纳什均衡发现,公估人的理性选择并不总是诚实公正。因此,只有加强外部约束,才能实现公估人和保险人之间良性互动。  

人民币汇率中美博弈:一个纳什均衡模型分析

后危机时代人民币汇率日益成为中美两国竞争、争夺与博弈的战略性领域之一。本文通过构建一个中美汇率交锋的完全信息且无限次重复博弈模型,认为人民币汇率中美博弈属于子博弈精炼纳什均衡,均衡汇率水平取决于中美双方各自耐心系数的大小。谁的耐心系数大,最终的均衡汇率就对谁有利。因此,面对美国抛出的人民币升值论调,中国除了积极参与国际货币体系改革、提高金融话语权以外,还应坚持"汇率调整以我为主"的原则。  

现实生活中的卡特尔组织(英文)

卡特尔组织是由竞争企业所构成的共谋联盟。企业通过在商品价格、产量和市场份额等方面订立协定而形成的同盟。本文将先阐述卡特尔组织的优点及其不稳定性,并运用保洁与联合利华的例子来分析卡特尔组织在现实生活中的稳定性。  

税收征管目标及征纳双方的博弈分析

目前,国内关于税收征管目标有两种代表性观点:一是促使纳税人依法纳税;二是提高税收征管的质量和效率。应该同时吸收两种观点的合理要素,将税收征管目标重新界定为税收成本与税收流失总和最小化。在税收征纳关系中,税务机关追求的是税收成本与税收流失总和最小化,而纳税人追求的是自身利益最大化,两者根据对方的策略,做出符合各自目标的策略选择,从而形成税收征纳博弈关系。  

股市中信息披露与监管的博弈分析

我国股市属于无效市场,存在投机过度的现象.究其原因,在于股市存在虚假信息披露现象.本文通过建立造假与监管的博弈模型,得到了上市公司与证券监管部门的三个纳什均衡,并进一步分析了监管的有效性,找到了根治信息造假行为的切实可行的办法.随后根据以上分析,提出了建立有效股市的若干个建议.