Neighbourhood Effects in Pesticide Use: Evidence from the Rural Philippines

This study investigates how pesticide use by neighbouring farmers affects a given farmer's pesticide use. Although it is common knowledge that pesticide use has spatial externalities, few empirical economic studies explicitly analyse this issue. Applying a spatial panel econometric model to plot‐level panel data for Bohol, Philippines, this study shows that pesticide use, especially for herbicides, is spatially correlated, although there is no statistically significant spatial correlation in unobserved shocks. This implies that farmers apply pesticides by referring to the behaviour of neighbouring farmers rather than responding directly to the intensity of their own infestation.     

基于比较优势四个来源的新钻石框架及其政策含义——兼论波特模型的解释困难

本文说明了相对于比较优势理论而言国家竞争优势理论的若干解释困难,重点阐述了存在于钻石模型四个要素中的矛盾和问题。通过对生产要素概念的扩展、让技术作为第四要素正式加入要素体系,建立了以自然资源、劳动力、资本和技术四项生产要素为支点的新钻石框架,力图解释国家竞争力的产生和强化机制及其与生产率提高和政府作用的直接关系。最后,结合我国经济的增长,讨论了针对新钻石框架四个支点的国家职能和政策含义。     

Web2.0环境下网络效应对价值共创的影响机理研究

Web2.0环境下,众多网络平台注重用户参与、交流互动与开放共享,为生产者、消费者等多主体协同参与价值共创提供了条件。为了深入探究网络外部性效应对Web 2.0价值共创模式的影响,研究构建了考虑网络效应的网络平台双边用户参与价值共创的理论模型,模型均衡解表明,消费者参与Web2.0网络平台进行价值共创会增加产品或服务的附加价值,提升消费者满意度,提高消费者对产品或服务的认知价值,进而吸引更多消费者参与价值共创,而消费者数量的增加会进一步提高该服务的价值,并吸引更多商户参与,由此产生正向网络外部性效应。建立了分析消费者剩余的经济模型,剖析了Web2.0环境下消费者无法参与价值分配却仍愿意参与价值共创的内在驱动因素。     

Corporate governance,environmental regulations,and technological change

This paper investigates the relationship between environmental regulations and innovation by focusing on the automobile industry in a cross-country setting. We provide empirical evidence that the presence of agency problems mitigates the negative effects of environmental regulations on overall R&D activity, which leads to full compensation when the degree of agency problems is sufficiently high. Guiding our empirical analysis, we provide a general model consistent with the structure of existing ownership data. Specifically, we model ownership structure as a combination of two extreme corporate governance types. On the one extreme there are profit maximizers, and on the other extreme there are managers who are only concerned with their private benefits. The model leads to a simple country level ownership indicator and shows that if an economy is dominated by firms with higher agency problems, then pollution tax might even increase overall R&D, while reducing pollution. According to our estimations, such an outcome is possible only for out-of-sample values of the ownership indicator, where the degree of agency problems is extremely high.     

地铁正外部性作用范围的计量研究

针对地铁正外部性作用范围的问题,在总结同类研究的基础上,提出了站点周边房地产价格受到地铁的影响是通过“人”的因素而产生作用的,这种作用可通过选乘地铁的概率进行考察.本文在分析影响“人”选乘地铁的因素的基础上,构建了地铁选乘的logistic模型.通过北京市调研的数据验证模型,观察通过调整变量X4对选乘概率的影响情况得到...     

A critique of Porter＇s cost leadership and differentiation strategies

Porter identifies high market share with cost leadership, citing GM as a successful practitioner of this strategy. However, GM became a market share leader in the American automobile industry due to a strategy of market segmentation, differentiation and a broad scope shaped during the 1920s. Porter argues that cost leadership and differentiation offer an equally viable path to competitive success. Nevertheless, a differentiation strategy based on superior quality compared to competition is more profitable than cost leadership strategy. It can lead a business to become a market share leader, and consequently even a low-cost leader. Research indicates that differentiation and cost leadership can co-exist. However, Porter insists that each generic strategy requires a different culture and a totally different philosophy. The problem is that Porter＇s generic strategies are too broad. It is not his logic that is flawed, but his basic premise that prescribes cost leadership strategy as the only route to market share leadership, and presents a narrow view of differentiation with a unique product--sold at a premium price--on the one hand, and a ＂standard, or no-frills＂ product on the other. Mintzburg （1988） says Porter＇s cost leadership strategy should be called ＂price differentiation＂： a strategy that is based on a lower price than that of the competition. He suggests that business strategy has two dimensions： differentiation and scope. Thus, setting scope aside, competitive strategy has only one component： differentiation. So, the key question is not whether to differentiate, but how？ First, make customer-perceived quality as the foundation of competitive strategy because it is far more critical to long-term success than any other factor. Second, serve the middle class by competing in the mid-price segment, offering better quality than the competition at a somewhat higher price. It is this path that can lead to market share leadership--a strategy that can be both profitable--and sustainable.     

企业区位决策、劳动力流动与集聚经济——基于外部性的一个初步思考

中国劳动力的流动是中国经济社会转型过程的产物,对不断变化中的劳动力流动持续进行观察与研究,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。经济集聚是货币外部性和技术外部性共同作用的结果。劳动力流动通过本地市场放大效应、循环累积效应影响货币外部性,并通过加快技术传播速度、提高经济个体匹配成功率影响技术外部性;以外部性为纽带,劳动力流动最终影响到了企业区位决策,从而实现经济活动的集聚。     

20年来国内凯瑟琳·安·波特研究综述

凯瑟琳·安·波特是美国南方女性作家的杰出代表。国内对波特小说的研究已有二、三十年时间，主要的研究方向是波特小说中所体现的女性意识、南方意识、宗教观点等。在综述了国内近年来波特研究成果的基础上，探讨了波特小说今后的研究趋势。     

中国的国际贸易与外商投资

随着中国经济的发展,越来越多的外商决定来中国投资.通过使用波特的钻石理论来分析中国的市场,我们可以清楚的看到,中国的国际贸易与外商投资情况发展的很好.     

Voluntary Cost-Sharing for Environmental Risk Reduction: A Pollution Abatement Case Study

This paper develops the notion of voluntary cost-sharing as a paradigm for ameliorating pollution: polluters and sufferers can choose to share the costs of pollution abatement and participate together in reducing pollution. If both polluters and sufferers each care about the state of the environment but have limited resources, the issue is one of optimality: a better level of environmental quality could be achieved if polluters and sufferers in a locale share costs of abatement. An example—nitrogen pollution due to fertilizer for food—is used to demonstrate that a preferred outcome can be obtained with cost sharing among polluters and consumers as compared to a “Polluter Pays” outcome. Input taxes and ambient subsidies or taxes are also relevant policy tools with cost-sharing.