Direct intervention or indirect support? The effects of cooperative control measures on farmers’ implementation of quality and safety standards

In recent years, labor-intensive agricultural products from developing countries have exhibited inferior performance in international trade due to quality and safety incidents, among which pesticide residue is a major issue. Aiming to improve food quality and safety in the context of cooperatives, we introduced three categories of control measures: outcome control, process control and social control. Based on the Pre-Harvest Interval Standard (PHIS), we selected three indices, farmers’ implementation rate of PHIS, absolute distance to PHIS and relative distance to PHIS, to evaluate appropriateness of pesticides use, reduction of pesticide residue and safety improvements of agricultural products. By using random sampling survey data, we empirically analyzed the marginal effects of control measures and their combinations on food quality and safety standards. The empirical results show that implementing process control, namely, unified production standards or supply of unified agricultural inputs, can comprehensively improve farmers’ implementation rate of PHIS, absolute distance and relative distance to PHIS respectively by 34.9%, 3.2 days and 46.0% on average. While the effects of outcome control (safety inspection) and social control (bonus-penalty incentive or training) are restricted to other measures. Therefore, we suggest cooperatives should take farmers’ features, implementation conditions and the effects of control measures into consideration in order to make a sustainable management plan for improving food quality and safety and enhancing competitiveness in international markets.     

技术标准与专利权融合的制度挑战及应对

随着现代科学技术在生产和贸易中的作用日益突显，技术标准具有的技术先进、协商基础以及市场控制属性与专利权的私权属性产生紧密契合，专利权的作用和价值体现为标准制定、标准实施以及信息反馈的技术标准化全过程，技术标准与专利权融合已经成为普遍现象。技术标准与专利权融合导致原有标准各方相对均衡的利益格局被打破，不仅会阻碍标准实施，而且会助长权利滥用，使现有制度面临新挑战。为回应新挑战，从组建技术标准化组织，进行知识产权政策、专利法和反垄断法的制度创新与完善等方面提出政策建议，以实现制度升级，进而释放应然的制度绩效。     

加征关税如何影响美国贸易逆差及全球福利——基于美元本位下两国动态一般均衡框架的分析

本文构建了一个包含美元本位特征的两国模型,在此基础上分析了美国加征关税及引发的贸易摩擦对美国贸易逆差和全球福利的影响,并详细探讨了相关传导机制。在基准模型设定下,美国单方面加征20%关税会使得美国贸易逆差占GDP比重小幅缩小约0.40个百分点,美国长期稳态GDP下降约2.50%,其他国家GDP下降约1.10%,美国居民福利上升约0.60%,其他国家居民福利下降约1.20%。美国单方面加征关税在抑制全球贸易和生产的同时,会通过更加不公平的国际贸易恶化全球福利分配。当其他国家采取报复性措施时,其他国家自身福利并不会进一步恶化,但美国福利会大幅下滑,同时美国贸易逆差相对规模变化不大。贸易摩擦博弈的“囚徒困境”特征在一定程度上能够解释贸易战的发生。削弱美元本位地位能促进国际贸易公平性的提升,进而能减弱贸易摩擦带来的负面影响、提升全球福利水平,并能有效缩窄美国贸易逆差。     

Policy implications of research on non-GAAP reporting

Over the past two decades, the regulatory landscape for non-GAAP reporting has evolved significantly. Despite a temporary decline in the frequency of non-GAAP reporting following Regulation G, the incidence of non-GAAP disclosure has continued to increase steadily, leading to a current all-time high in reporting activity. This proliferation of non-GAAP disclosure has captured the attention of standard setters and regulators in recent years. This paper provides an academic perspective on policy implications for both regulation and standard setting. We contend that current Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations (C&DIs) of the SEC staff may perhaps have gone too far in restricting certain types of non-GAAP disclosures. As a result, we advocate a slight relaxation of the current enforcement of Regulation G. We agree with FASB proposals for greater disaggregation in the income statement to allow for more transparency in non-GAAP reporting. Finally, we believe the PCAOB should consider requiring auditors to take a more direct role with respect to non-GAAP disclosures.     

城市最低生活保障兼有消费改善与劳动供给激励效应吗?

最低生活保障制度是我国社会保障体系中兜底性、基础性的制度安排,是保障民生、促进分配公平、维护经济安全和社会稳定的重要机制。本文通过对城市低保制度消费改善与劳动供给效应的综合评估发现,我国城市低保从整体上改善了受助家庭的消费状况,影响了受助家庭的消费结构,起到了提升经济福利的效果,但是对受助家庭的劳动供给激励效应还比较小。女性户主、劳动力技能低、抚养负担重的家庭,通过低保救助获得消费改善的同时,会出现减少劳动供给的倾向;男性户主、劳动力技能强、抚养负担轻的家庭,通过低保救助获得消费改善的同时,会出现增加劳动供给的倾向。下一阶段,建立健全分层分类的社会救助体系是我国实现高质量社会救助的关键所在。     

知识产权、技术标准与平台生态系统竞争力研究

现代企业之间的竞争逐渐演化成商业生态系统之间的竞争,而平台生态系统是应用最为普遍的一种商业生态系统。平台生态系统竞争的本质在于创新,以创新为基础的知识产权和技术标准成为决定平台竞争力的关键要素。在界定知识产权和技术标准内涵的基础上,从设计方法视角阐述平台生态系统竞争力形成过程,揭示知识产权和技术标准对于平台生态系统竞争的影响,分析两者对平台生态系统的作用机理。研究表明,知识产权和技术标准是形成平台竞争力的源泉,影响平台网络外部性,其中知识产权是建立技术标准的基础,技术标准是推动知识产权创造的动力,二者之间的互动和演进构成平台生态系统外部竞争力。     

基于标准数据的创新程度提升路径研究

创新程度在资源配置中的作用日趋明显，但目前创新程度常以专利作为测量值。随着标准在产业发展中引导性增强，作为创新重要产出的标准在创新程度提升中的地位日渐凸显。提出一个以标准数据为依据，通过对标准创新程度值的测量，结合国际国内创新程度四分图模型，研究具体领域创新程度提升路径。以信息技术应用领域标准为分析对象，结合国际标准化组织颁布标准和中国标准，确定信息技术在各应用领域创新现状。结果显示：信息技术在办公系统和银行业务两个领域应用的国际国内创新程度都很低，应在完成产业升级后逐渐淘汰；其在健康关怀领域应用的国际发展前景良好但国内创新程度很低，是重点研究领域。随后，对信息技术在健康关怀领域应用的国际和国内标准具体内容进行对比分析，发现中国与国际发展存在差距，并以国际国内创新程度为依据对位于四分图不同区域的信息技术应用领域创新程度提升提出合理建议。     

Critical analysis of the official Greek urban planning indicators of private uses

The aim of the article is to review the official Greek target indicators, i.e. those standards that are included in the current planning legislation (Official Government Gazette 285/D/5.3, 2004), and are used for the planning of private uses, such as manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, offices, and housing. The article elaborates on the general typology of urban indicators and, more specifically, it addresses the methodology for the calculation of target indicators. Part of this methodology is utilized for the evaluation of the official target indicators that are currently in force. This evaluation is mainly based on the comparison of target indicators with the respective state indicators of years 2004, 2008, and 2012, and is carried out for each category of private urban uses separately. The article concludes on the inappropriateness of the values legislated as target indicators, and stresses the need for their immediate revision.     

中国清末民初银本位下的汇率浮动:影响和启示

清末民初,银本位下的中国货币对大多数金本位国家的货币汇率自由浮动。浮动汇率并非影响中国国际收支和宏观经济的主要因素:在汇率大体持续贬值情况下,中国贸易逆差不断增大;汇率贬值有利于刺激外商直接投资和侨汇流入,弥补贸易逆差。关键问题是中国货币状况乃至整体经济活动受制于白银数量,容易大起大落。当前中国汇率弹性有待提高,对货币调控造成较大制约。我国汇率浮动早已有之,不必过于担心,中国完全具备主动加快汇率改革的条件。     

基于产教协同模式开展课程标准建设的研究与实践--以北京吉利学院人力资源管理专业产教协同为例

本文围绕《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》高职教育的总体指导思想，以培养应用型、技能型人才为目标，以前期北京吉利学院与吉利集团产教协同改革为基础，分析了构建高职课程标准与校企合作产教协同的关系，阐述了课程标准建立的模式和原则进行了探讨，提出了制定和实施产教协同课程标准建设思路，供同类院校借鉴。