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1.
Border effects on firms’ performance are typically estimated following reduced barriers to trade, for instance due to new trade agreements. This paper estimates a border effect on increasing barriers for firms located outside of a new external EU border following the 2004 and 2007 EU enlargement. In a repeated cross-section of three flows of EBRD-World Bank survey data, the study encompasses 23 border regions in 10 countries, four of which bordered new EU/Schengen countries. Taking border transformations as exogenous changes to firms’ environments, and focusing on small and medium-sized enterprises near borders, the results indicate that five years after enlargement, firms in non-EU member states near a new external EU border experienced a fall in sales of 40% and exports of 70% relative to firms near borders that did not change. Firms on the EU side of the same border experienced no such negative effect. Ten years after enlargement, the negative effects effectively disappeared.  相似文献   
2.
This article introduces the winning method at the M5 Accuracy competition. The presented method takes a simple manner of averaging the results of multiple base forecasting models that have been constructed via partial pooling of multi-level data. All base forecasting models of adopting direct or recursive multi-step forecasting methods are trained by the machine learning technique, LightGBM, from three different levels of data pools. At the competition, the simple averaging of the multiple direct and recursive forecasting models, called DRFAM, obtained the complementary effects between direct and recursive multi-step forecasting of the multi-level product sales to improve the accuracy and the robustness.  相似文献   
3.
《Business Horizons》2022,65(5):547-557
The legal and compliance departments in organizations have more influence than ever before. Why then are companies so vulnerable to legal liability? The problem may not be with talented legal professionals, but with the lack of legal knowledge held by MBAs and other business school graduates that make day-to-day decisions in modern organizations. Firms can close this knowledge gap and minimize legal liability by training their managers in legal astuteness—the ability of a manager to address legal issues successfully—by instilling four essential traits: respecting the rule of law, recognizing legal issues, resolving problems proactively, and reporting complex legal issues to experts. Job candidates should also be screened for traits of legal astuteness. A legally astute candidate, especially a graduate of a business school that requires legal education for all its students, can be a cultural ambassador for legal astuteness and a valuable liaison between legal and compliance departments and the candidate’s functional area. A legally ignorant candidate will require significant training and a frank assessment of the legal risk they bring to the organization. Modern firms in today’s legal environment face two choices: hire a legally astute manager now or deal with a compliance headache later.  相似文献   
4.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has captured substantial interest from a wide array of marketing scholars in recent years. Our research contributes to this emerging domain by examining AI technologies in marketing via a global lens. Specifically, our lens focuses on three levels of analysis: country, company, and consumer. Our country-level analysis emphasizes the heterogeneity in economic inequality across countries due to the considerable economic resources necessary for AI adoption. Our company-level analysis focuses on glocalization because while the hardware that underlies these technologies may be global in nature, their application necessitates adaptation to local cultures. Our consumer-level analysis examines consumer ethics and privacy concerns, as AI technologies often collect, store and process a cornucopia of personal data across our globe. Through the prism of these three lenses, we focus on two important dimensions of AI technologies in marketing: (1) human–machine interaction and (2) automated analysis of text, audio, images, and video. We then explore the interaction between these two key dimensions of AI across our three-part global lens to develop a set of research questions for future marketing scholarship in this increasingly important domain.  相似文献   
5.
和买,泛指官府向民间购买物品的行为。其核心便是“和”,即蕴含着自愿交易、买卖的官民双方地位平等、官府购买民间物品应以货币的形式支付对价等含义。为了规范和买行为和保障和买秩序,元继于宋,确立起了一整套包括均平摊派、时估、法定程序、和买钱货两清的支付原则、税课管理制度等在内的和买法律制度体系。然而,和买法律制度在“商品化/赋税化”“和/不和”的博弈中,最终滑向了政府主导、赋税化的境地,而随意的摊派与吏治的败坏在其中起到了催化剂的作用。和买法律制度只能在一定程度上起到减缓其由“和”向“不和”的赋税化性质蜕化的作用。  相似文献   
6.
为避免均衡性原则适用的模糊抽象,具体化成为学界共识,量化方法颇受关注。阿列克西设计的“权重公式Wij”的影响力较大,发挥着定序量化分析的功能,但公式的适用范围受限及构成要素的赋值不当,降低了其应用价值。解决问题的关键在于重构“权重公式”的适用框架,法经济学的分析方法能强化公式的适用能力,使量化过程更具客观性。在以利益为核心的成本收益分析框架下,“权利”作为公式的适用对象,经必要变量的逻辑改进,“权利”的保护强度作为公式的构成要素;经济学上的价值及“权利”的损害导向确立公式的量化基础,继而“权利”能实现货币等价或价值评估。尤其基于经济学的替代理论,“权利”之间构成了新的权衡模型:“权衡公式Bij。”在“权衡公式”的结果判定上,Bij≥1,手段不符合均衡性,不应改变“初始状态”下“权利”的比例关系;Bij<1,手段符合均衡性,且尽力选择使Bij值更小之手段。“权衡公式”兼具体系化与精细化分析能力,保持了严密结构和强操作性,为更普遍的实践应用提供新思路。在“权衡公式”与成本收益分析的关系上,它是一种融合成本收益分析的均衡性判断。  相似文献   
7.
基于权力(利)、义务、利益、责任与风险相匹配的基本逻辑,新《公司法》既要健全董监高的差异化公平问责规范体系,也要建立人性化合理减免责任制度。董监高问责能力取决于其职位的含权量、含金量、实际控制力与影响力,也取决于所在公司治理实况。要重点锁定并严惩关键少数者,严格区别独董与内部执行董事的法律角色。董监高责任应以过错责任为主、严格责任为例外。为精准识别董监高过错,建议采取法商、德商、智商、情商合一的理性人标准。要坚持责任自负为主、连带责任为辅。连带责任规范要保持统一化与谦抑化,赋予董监高在承担连带责任后的法定追偿权。要坚持有限责任为主、无限责任为辅。董监高对第三人不负责任为原则,负责为例外。建议精准甄别董监高个人责任与公司法人责任。章程或公司决议对法定代表人代表权的限制只要登记、备案或公示,即可对抗相对人。建议导入商事判断规则,允许公司自主豁免或减轻董监高责任,要求董监高自担最低责任限额,导入董监高责任保险制度。董监高问责机制要与股权激励相匹配。  相似文献   
8.
本文通过研究最近三十年间经济和信息的全球化、巨型网络平台崛起、隐匿在区块链中的主权个人、摆脱特征设计的大模型怪兽等重要的现象和趋势,分析了国家主权的相对衰退与强势复兴并行和相反相成的悖论以及数字化转型过程中利维坦与各种数字怪兽之间展开的互动关系。正是主权衰退这一侧面,导致了欧洲的“数字主权”概念和中国的“主权区块链”构想的提出;而主权复兴这一侧面,导致了北美的“监视社会”理论和中国的“电子点穴”隐喻。无论如何,在人工智能驱动的时代,“算法利维坦”正在成为国家和法的理论不得不面对的极其强大的支配性权力。为了防止其失控和滥用,需要通过全球数字契约等方式凝聚基本共识,并通过法律的和技术的正当程序对其进行制度化制约——这正是数字法治的要义。  相似文献   
9.
A comparative vignette-based experimental survey design incorporating various socio-psychological factors, linked to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale (DOSPERT) was carried out to test variations in eight travel-related COVID-19 protective measures on Swiss tourists’ travel intentions. Among the tested measures, vaccination passports, surgical masks and quarantining are those that stand out the most, with surgical masks having the greatest acceptance and willingness to adopt while traveling. Quarantining, on the other hand, appears to have a deterrent influence on travel intentions, and vaccination passports have the lowest perceived barriers during travel, but the highest perceived benefits in mitigating the spread of the infection. The discussion of individual differences has specific implications for tourism management against the background of our empirical findings.  相似文献   
10.
Investment decisions, particularly innovation adoption decisions, can sustain long-term viability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). However, information asymmetry could limit the ability of SME management to make informed innovation adoption decisions. Even though information asymmetry is a multidimensional construct, prior literature has only focused on financial information asymmetry in such decisions. Therefore, the current study fills the research gap by conducting two separate studies: one analyzes World Bank Group data from 1250 observations in 11 emerging markets, and the other interviews eight SME owners and managers. The findings of the mixed-method studies suggest that financial, business regulation, and court information asymmetry decrease the likelihood of SMEs' product innovation adoption. The study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of information asymmetry in SMEs’ decision-making rooted in agency theory. Moreover, its methodological contribution lies in measuring information asymmetry with micro-level data.  相似文献   
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