A NOTE ON ARBITRAGE AND CLOSED CONVEX CONES

We give an example of a subspace K of     such that     , where     denotes the closure with respect to convergence in probablity. On the other hand, the cone   C ≔ K − L ^∞₊  is dense in   L ^∞  with respect to the weak-star topology  σ( L ^∞, L ¹)  . This example answers a question raised by I. Evstigneev. The topic is motivated by the relation of the notion of no arbitrage and the existence of martingale measures in Mathematical Finance.     

A Nonstandard Approach to Option Pricing

Nonstandard probability theory and stochastic analysis, as developed by Loeb, Anderson, and Keisler, has the attractive feature that it allows one to exploit combinatorial aspects of a well-understood discrete theory in a continuous setting. We illustrate this with an example taken from financial economics: a nonstandard construction of the well-known Black-Scholes option pricing model allows us to view the resulting object at the same time as both (the hyperfinite version of) the binomial Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model (that is, a hyperfinite geometric random walk) and the continuous model introduced by Black and Scholes (a geometric Brownian motion). Nonstandard methods provide a means of moving freely back and forth between the discrete and continuous points of view. This enables us to give an elementary derivation of the Black-Scholes option pricing formula from the corresponding formula for the binomial model. We also devise an intuitive but rigorous method for constructing self-financing hedge portfolios for various contingent claims, again using the explicit constructions available in the hyperfinite binomial model, to give the portfolio appropriate to the Black-Scholes model. Thus, nonstandard analysis provides a rigorous basis for the economists' intuitive notion that the Black-Scholes model contains a built-in version of the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model.     

Futures and forward price differential and the effect of marking‐to‐market: Australian evidence

The objective of this paper is to examine the effects of marking‐to‐market of futures contracts on the price differential between futures and forward contracts based on the predictions of the Cox, Ingersoll and Ross (1981) (CIR) model. Cox et al ., (1981) derive a series of propositions with respect to the relationship between futures and forward prices and a set of testable implications. These are tested empirically in this paper using Australian data from November 1991 to June 1997. The results provide evidence of the presence of significant futures and forward price differences, where the futures price is consistently below the forward price. Only partial support is found for the Cox et al ., (1981) propositions, implying that the effect of marking‐to‐market is not able to fully account for the price differential. Therefore, it is not possible to rule out the influence of other institutional factors on the futures‐forward price difference.     

分税制后的中央转移支付有效率吗？——基于中央转移支付对地区间增长公平与效率的检验

本文以分税制改革后中国现实数据为基础分析了中央转移支付对地区间增长公平和效率的影响。研究表明,中央转移支付效果总体上与其目标似乎是相悖的,中央转移支付既没有实现地区间增长公平,也不具有效率。此外,国有企业对中央转移支付效率的“侵蚀效应”也间接降低了资本的效率;而且这种“侵蚀效应”在资本效率越高的地区愈加严重。我们的结果也验证了中央财政集权的二次分配与分权理论是冲突的。     

IPO高抑价之谜：“租金分配观”还是“定价效率观”？——基于2005-2012年数据

对中国IPO极高的抑价现象存在两种不同的解释——“定价效率观”和“租金分配观”。以2005—2012年A股IPO公司作为样本,对这两种观点进行检验,结果表明：“租金分配观”只在2005-2008年成立,在2009-2012年不成立;“定价效率观”则能更好地解释2005年实施询价配售制度以来中国IPO抑价率的变化。     

市场分割与土地财政行为研究———来自中国省际的经验证据简

文章以2003—2009年我国30个省份的面板数据为样本,在揭示地方政府土地出让行为合理性的基础上,讨论土地财政依赖对经济增长可持续性的影响。实证结论表明,地方政府分割土地出让市场（以不同的出让方式出让土地）可以实现地方财政的跨期收入平衡,是财政支出压力下地方政府的理性行为选择。低价协议出让被征农地可以产生长期稳定的增值税收入流,高价招拍挂出让被征农地可以产生短期高额的营业税收入流。与此同时,在非农建设用地供给缺乏弹性以及政绩考核压力的双重约束下,依靠土地财政的经济增长模式难以持续。财税制度、政绩考核制度的改革将有利于转变地方政府土地财政依赖增长模式的根本性转变。     

The Motivation and Effectiveness of Gas Industry Economic Regulation in New South Wales, 1912–39

The oldest industry in Australia subjected to economic regulation is the gas supply industry in the state of New South Wales. In this paper the aims and motivation of the New South Wales Government in establishing the regulatory regime in 1912 and the subsequent effectiveness in achieving them are determined. Initially the regulatory regime was based on ad hoc arrangements, but eventually a more permanent structure was devised that effectively defused political controversy over gas market pricing and stabilised prices rather than substantially lowered them.     

母语迁移对二语习得的作用与影响

在第二语言的学习过程中,母语知识与目标语的习得有着诸多关联。本文通过分析母语正迁移作用对二语习得的积极影响与负迁移作用对二语习得的消极影响,指出正确对待母语迁移作用的重要性。