What Is It About Organic Milk? An Experimental Analysis

Auction experiments were used to examine demand relationships and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic, rBST-free, no antibiotics used, and conventional milk. Elasticities showed strong substitute and complement relationships between organic, rBST-free, and no antibiotics varieties. The sum of the latter two's premiums were not significantly different than the organic premium, suggesting diminishing marginal utility for added attributes. Results from a two-stage heteroskedastic tobit model demonstrated that WTP premiums for the varieties differ significantly by demographics and beliefs regarding the conventional version. These suggest market segments for rBST-free and no antibiotics versions could succeed alongside organic, benefiting consumers and producers.     

Model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different antibiotics in the management of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in Germany

Summary

This study investigated the primary cost-drivers and determinants of the cost-effectiveness of antibacterial treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (ABECB) in Germany. It assessed the health care costs and consequences related to treatment initiated in the community using macrolides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and cephalosporins. Patients were categorised according to disease severity. Decision analysis was used to consider the clinical and economic consequences of various treatment options from first-line treatment initiated by a primary care physician in the community until success or failure after third-line treatment in hospital.

The key cost drivers were the clinical success/failure rates of first-line treatment and the cost per day of hospitalisation. Antibiotics with the cheapest purchase price are not necessarily the most cost-effective first-line treatment. In more severe ABECB, drug acquisition costs are only a small proportion of the total healthcare costs because the extra costs associated with treatment failure are much greater than the acquisition costs of the first-line antibiotics. Thus the most cost-effective first-line treatment is one which results in consistently high clinical effectiveness due to its broad spectrum of activity, low rate of bacterial resistance, and high patient compliance. Of the antibiotics considered, none was consistently found to be the most cost-effective treatment across the full range of scenarios investigated. However, the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were generally more cost-effective than the macrolides and penicillins.     

青霉素类抗生素稳定性的研究进展及法医学意义

目的:综述影响青霉素类抗生素稳定性的因素,探讨法医鉴定工作中青霉素类检材的最佳保存条件,以延长青霉素的检测时限并对获得的在不同条件保存下青霉素检验数据的法医学意义评定提供理论依据。方法:以国内外资料为基础,对所报道的影响青霉素类抗生素稳定性的因素及实验结果进行整理分析。结果:本身的化学性质、溶液PH、温度、含水量等因素可影响青霉素类抗生素的稳定性。结论:法医实践工作中要充分考虑青霉素类抗生素的稳定性,确保检测结果的科学性和正确性。     

兽用抗生素应用情况及发展前景

抗生素兽药在养殖业广泛应用,极大提高畜禽、水产养殖经济效益,改善人类生活质量,同时,大面积的抗生素滥用,对养殖业及人类的危害也凸显出来,本文就兽用抗生素应用情况及兽用抗生素发展前景,结合有关文献进行综述。     

A cost-minimisation analysis comparing different antibiotic regimens used in treating all-cause bacterial pneumonia in Hong Kong

Abstract

Background: To find out the antibiotic treatment regimens with the lowest cost for all-cause bacterial pneumonia, a study to compare the costs of different antibiotic regimens in the treatment of patients diagnosed with all-cause bacterial pneumonia who required hospitalisation was carried out.

Methodology: This was a multicentre, retrospective study of patient medical records. The primary aim was to examine whether the initial choice of antibiotic had affected the total cost of treatment, while the secondary aim was to find out whether the initial choice of antibiotic had affected the initial treatment failure rates and death rates. A cost-minimisation analysis (CMA) from a public hospital perspective was employed.

Results: A total of 333 patient medical case notes were reviewed. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic regimen was amoxycillin-clavulanate (AC) followed by amoxycillin-clavulanate plus macrolide (ACM) and quinolone (Q). In the study population, no statistical significance could be detected between the mean cost of the three regimens. In the subgroup analysis of patients with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and patients with a history of smoking, the Q regimen appeared to be the least expensive.

Conclusion: In the study population, no significant difference could be identified between the mean cost of the three antibiotic regimens. In a special populations such as patients with a history of COPD and patients with a history of smoking, the Q regimen appeared to be superior. Further studies in these areas are needed.     

Model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different antibiotics in the management of community-acquired pneumonia in Germany

Summary

This study investigated the primary cost-drivers and determinants of the cost-effectiveness of antibacterial treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Germany. It assessed the health care costs and consequences related to treatment initiated in the community using macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins. Patients were categorised according to disease severity. Decision analysis was used to consider the clinical and economic consequences of various treatment options from first-line treatment initiated by a primary care physician in the community to success or failure after third-line treatment in hospital.

The key cost drivers were the clinical success/failure rates of first-line treatment and, in moderate CAP, the cost per day of hospitalisation. Thus, antibiotics with the cheapest purchase price are not necessarily the most cost-effective treatment. This is because the extra costs associated with treatment failure, especially in more severely ill patients, can be much greater than the acquisition costs of the first-line antibiotic. Of the antibiotics considered, none was consistently found to be the most cost-effective across the full range of scenarios investigated. However, in moderate CAP the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were generally more cost-effective than the macrolides. Given the high cost associated with hospitalisation, and the low mortality rates in low-risk patients with mild and moderate CAP, successful outcomes and health care cost savings can be achieved if such patients receive appropriate antibiotics as first-line treatment in the community.     

生物转化法处理抗生素生产的有机废水的研究

目的：抗生素生产有机废水经处理后出水达到国家标准。方法：采用厌氧好氧处理。首先进行中和调节，经厌氧处理，再进入接触氧化池好氧处理。处理效果为COD总除率为96％，BOD5总去除率为98％。     

我院门诊抗菌药物处方分析

目的 为我院门诊抗菌药物使用情况分析,促进临床合理用药.方法 随机抽查我院2010 年1 月至2011年1 月门诊处方8000 张,平均每月随机抽取2 天处方进行分析.结果 从给药途径、抗菌药物品种、联合用药等方面分析,药物使用基本规范合理.也有部分处方存在不规范现象.结论 抗菌药物的使用和管理需进一步加强,药师指导临床医师用药很有必要.     

动物源性食品中抗生素残留的快速检测方法研究

畜牧业养殖中存在滥用抗生素的情况,导致动物源性食品内的抗生素残留严重超标,对人体健康产生威胁.分析抗生素残留种类,科学采用前处理技术,开发出关于动物源性食品抗生素残留检测的有效方法,有助于保障食品质量安全.本文对抗生素残留的危害进行详细分析,介绍了动物源性食品中抗生素残留的种类及检测方法,为相关研究提供参考.