大豆多肽研究概况

大豆肽是大豆蛋白水解后,由3～6个氨基酸残基组成的低肽混合物,分子量在1000Dalton左右。由于它具有很多优良的理化特性和生理活性,因此有很多领域得到了广泛的应用。本文简要综述了这方面的研究进展。     

艾叶水溶性部位及其分离组分的抑菌活性研究

为考察艾叶水溶性部位及其分离组分对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、土生克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、伤寒杆菌6种供试菌的抑制作用,通过K—B法和比浊法研究总水提物的抑菌活性,采用二分法测定总水提物的最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度,采用比浊法测定水提物各分离组分的抑菌率。结果为：艾叶总水提物对6种供试菌均有抑制作用,对伤寒杆菌的作用最强;艾叶总水提物分离组分对供试菌有不同程度的抑制作用,其中硅胶柱（无水乙醇：三乙胺=1000：1）洗脱物对供试菌的抑菌活性最强。艾叶水提物及其分离组分均具有较强的抑菌活性。     

Model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different antibiotics in the management of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in Germany

Summary

This study investigated the primary cost-drivers and determinants of the cost-effectiveness of antibacterial treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (ABECB) in Germany. It assessed the health care costs and consequences related to treatment initiated in the community using macrolides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and cephalosporins. Patients were categorised according to disease severity. Decision analysis was used to consider the clinical and economic consequences of various treatment options from first-line treatment initiated by a primary care physician in the community until success or failure after third-line treatment in hospital.

The key cost drivers were the clinical success/failure rates of first-line treatment and the cost per day of hospitalisation. Antibiotics with the cheapest purchase price are not necessarily the most cost-effective first-line treatment. In more severe ABECB, drug acquisition costs are only a small proportion of the total healthcare costs because the extra costs associated with treatment failure are much greater than the acquisition costs of the first-line antibiotics. Thus the most cost-effective first-line treatment is one which results in consistently high clinical effectiveness due to its broad spectrum of activity, low rate of bacterial resistance, and high patient compliance. Of the antibiotics considered, none was consistently found to be the most cost-effective treatment across the full range of scenarios investigated. However, the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were generally more cost-effective than the macrolides and penicillins.     

新型青霉烯类抗生素——法罗培南

抗生素的滥用导致多重耐药菌株的出现,限制了临床常规抗生素的使用范围。法罗培南是一种新研制出的广谱抗菌药,尤其对厌氧菌有强抗菌作用,属于口服青霉烯类抗生素。对法罗培南的抗菌机制、抗菌活性、临床应用、合成路线以及市场前景进行了简要叙述。     

谢氏丙酸杆菌发酵废液中生物抑菌物质的研究

对生产维生素B12的谢氏丙酸杆菌发酵废液中是否存在生物抑菌物质,其性质、抑菌作用大小及抗菌谱进行了研究。研究表明,谢氏丙酸杆菌的发酵液针对检验菌的抑菌效果明显优于化学防腐剂且抑菌谱较广,可以抑制一些革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌及真菌,其中主要抑菌成分为等电点在2.0附近的蛋白类物质、丙酸氨、乙酸氨。     

Cost-effectiveness of ceftolozane/tazobactam plus metronidazole compared with piperacillin/tazobactam as empiric therapy for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections based on the in-vitro surveillance of bacterial isolates in the UK

Aims: An increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative pathogens has been noted recently. A challenge in empiric treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) is identifying initial appropriate antibiotic therapy, which is associated with reduced length of stay and mortality compared with inappropriate therapy. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole compared with piperacillin/tazobactam (commonly used in this indication) in the treatment of patients with cIAI in UK hospitals.

Methods: A decision-analytic Monte Carlo simulation model was used to compare costs (antibiotic and hospitalization costs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of patients infected with gram-negative cIAI and treated empirically with either ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole or piperacillin/tazobactam. Bacterial isolates were randomly drawn from the Program to Assess Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Susceptibility (PACTS) database, a surveillance database of non-duplicate bacterial isolates collected from patients in the UK infected with gram-negative pathogens. Susceptibility to initial empiric therapy was based on the measured susceptibilities reported in the PACTS database.

Results: Ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole was cost-effective when compared with piperacillin/tazobactam, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £4,350/QALY and 0.36 hospitalization days/patient saved. Costs in the ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole arm were £2,576/patient, compared with £2,168/patient in the piperacillin/tazobactam arm. The ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole arm experienced a greater number of QALYs than the piperacillin/tazobactam arm (14.31/patient vs 14.21/patient, respectively). Ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole remained cost-effective in one-way sensitivity and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions: Economic models can help to identify the appropriate choice of empiric therapy for the treatment of cIAI. Results indicated that empiric use of ceftolozane/tazobactam?+?metronidazole is cost-effective vs piperacillin/tazobactam in UK patients with cIAI at risk of resistant infection. This will be valuable to commissioners and clinicians to aid decision-making on the targeting of resources for appropriate antibiotic therapy under the premise of antimicrobial stewardship.     

Model to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different antibiotics in the management of community-acquired pneumonia in Germany

Summary

This study investigated the primary cost-drivers and determinants of the cost-effectiveness of antibacterial treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Germany. It assessed the health care costs and consequences related to treatment initiated in the community using macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins. Patients were categorised according to disease severity. Decision analysis was used to consider the clinical and economic consequences of various treatment options from first-line treatment initiated by a primary care physician in the community to success or failure after third-line treatment in hospital.

The key cost drivers were the clinical success/failure rates of first-line treatment and, in moderate CAP, the cost per day of hospitalisation. Thus, antibiotics with the cheapest purchase price are not necessarily the most cost-effective treatment. This is because the extra costs associated with treatment failure, especially in more severely ill patients, can be much greater than the acquisition costs of the first-line antibiotic. Of the antibiotics considered, none was consistently found to be the most cost-effective across the full range of scenarios investigated. However, in moderate CAP the fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were generally more cost-effective than the macrolides. Given the high cost associated with hospitalisation, and the low mortality rates in low-risk patients with mild and moderate CAP, successful outcomes and health care cost savings can be achieved if such patients receive appropriate antibiotics as first-line treatment in the community.     

一种基于胰蛋白酶酶解BSA获得小多肽库的新型手性固定相制备(英文)

介绍了一种基于小多肽库的高效液相色谱手性固定相(CSP)的制备.胰蛋白酶酶解牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的优化条件为:在pH8.2,37℃下,酶解6 h,所得到的小多肽库以最大截留分子量(MWCO)为6 000的超滤膜过滤,滤液为含分子量小于6000的多肽分子库,以羰基咪唑法将该小多肽库键合至氨基化硅胶上。与完整蛋白-CSP相比,该多肽-CSP拥有更高的多肽键合密度以及更好的稳定性。对流动相组成以及pH对保留和立体选择性的影响也进行了考察,在优化的条件下,D,L-色氨酸、D,L-酪氨酸以及手性药物R,S-盐酸苯海索在该新型多肽-CSP上均得到了很好的分离。     

抗菌塑料的研究应用和市场现状

介绍了抗菌塑料及其塑料抗菌剂的原理、品种、发展过程和国内外应用和市场现状     

抑菌铜在空气调节中广泛应用的可行性研究

空气调节的使用改善了人们的生活环境,但系统中存在的大量细菌,也会给人们的健康带来很大的危害。铜具有广泛杀菌和持久抑菌作用,却没有在空气调节领域中广泛使用,本文通过多方面的分析,论证了抑菌铜在空气调节中广泛应用的可行性。