An analytical model proposal to design urban open spaces in balance with climate: A case study of Gaziantep

A significant decline has been experienced in the quality of life of people living in cities due to the deterioration of the ecological balance, decrease in biodiversity, together with air, noise and water pollution occurring as a result of population growth and urbanization. All of these factors have triggered global warming, which is one of the biggest problems in recent years. For this reason, the climate has become one of the most important factors in urban design works. The purpose of the present study is to determine the microclimatic contribution of urban open spaces to the city in the context of climate-balanced physical planning criteria, and to propose an analytical model, which may constitute a basis for planning and design works. Firstly, the climatic requirements of the city of Gaziantep were examined by creating bioclimatic comfort maps. In the following stage, monthly wind roses were created by determining the dominant wind directions for the summer and winter seasons. Optimum location and directions that were balanced with climate were determined and slope and aspect maps of the area, land use types and area selection criteria were also created. In light of these data, ecological compatibility and feasibility maps were prepared. In the feasibility map, the temperature and humidity maps were created with ENVI-met, which is a climatic simulation software, for the most extreme days in an area where there were residential areas and educational institutions, multi-storey residential areas, working areas, social and open green areas, and afforestation areas. The results that were obtained with the simulations were subjected to Regression Analysis to determine the relationship among the climate parameters and the design criteria. As a result, the increase in the quantity of urban green spaces and equality on the spatial distribution of these areas will improve bioclimatic comfort (the warmest hour of the hottest period regression analysis’ result is β= -0.384). It has been determined that planning high-density plantation in green spaces and selecting dense and broad-leaved plants will provide a cooling effect (on average 2−3 °C less). Furthermore, adding more green spaces in cities will increase the thermal comfort within city blocks, especially where high-rise buildings are common. It is confirmed that high-rise buildings cause thermal stress (the warmest hour of the hottest period regression analysis’ result is β = 0.472). Hardscapes have a negative effect on the temperature (the warmest hour of the hottest period regression analysis’ result is β = 0.425). In addition to these data, it was found that the mean radiant temperature values, instead of temperature values, would yield more accurate results in microclimate analyses and interpretations.     

Tourist Perceptions of Climate Change: A Study of International Tourists in Zanzibar

A study was conducted in Zanzibar, Tanzania, in order to understand tourist perceptions of climate change, the importance of climate for travel decisions, and the likely consequences of ongoing climate change for travel decisions. The results show that climatic characteristics of destinations are important, though not the only factor shaping travel decisions. Under a scenario of climate change, certain climate variables, such as more rain, storms, and higher humidity are also likely to negatively influence travel decisions, rather than higher temperatures alone, which are not necessarily perceived as negative. Regarding the contribution of travel to climate change, the study reveals that leisure tourists in Zanzibar are largely unaware of their impact on the natural environment, while the analysis of stated travel behaviour shows that they frequently travel by air. Overall, the results indicate that travel flows might change in more complex ways than currently assumed, and that a small share of high-intensity air travellers is responsible for a considerable environmental impact in terms of climate change.     

针织运动服装设计中功能性元素的合理性分析

基于运动服装特殊功能性的要求,从运动装的款式、色彩、面料、结构版型、辅料、细节等方面,采用人体工学、服装卫生学、心理学和环境工程学的方法分析总结了功能性元素在运动服装设计中运用,以更好地将设计与功能性结合运用到运动装的设计当中。     

基于感官效应的地铁车站“舒适”品牌研究

"舒适"是人文地铁核心价值的重要因素之一,地铁车站人文品牌的"舒适度"内涵建设必须能够持续获得目标乘客的好感,致力于不断提升乘客满意度。一个品牌必须要转化为一种感官体验,而不仅仅是眼见的。视觉塑造地铁人文品牌第一印象,声音调动乘客的情绪情感,嗅觉和触觉维系人文地铁品牌的独特性。     

The value and effects of introducing high standard train and bus concepts in Blekinge, Sweden

A set of improvements were introduced on a railway line in the south of Sweden in January 1992, including a new train concept, improved timetable and lower fares. The new train replaced a combination of old rail cars and standard coaches (bus). Furthermore, 18 months later, a new high comfort coach (bus) service was introduced as a complement to the train timetable to increase the number of departures. Forecasts from a national four-step model system, based on Revealed Preference data, which did not cover explanatory factors like mode concept, comfort, mode image, was made and compared with a forecast based on stated preference data choice model. Both type of forecasts were compared to travel statistics. Stated Preference data have been collected from car drivers, coach and train passengers. The set of improvements have been included in the SP alternatives presented to the subjects. A structured logit model, a regression model and a linear programming model are compared. Unstructured and structured logit models are compared. Logit models have been estimated and used to form a mode choice model which predicts the changes in market shares between the train and car. The choice model forecast coincide, accidentally, with actual demand 8–9 months after the introduction of the set of improvements (a 40% increase in journeys). The set of improvements, including the new train service, has proven to be a success with more than 100% increase in travel after only two years of operation. Differences in estimated logit models for 1991 and 1992 are explained as partly due to asymmetry effects and partly to shortcomings in the SP data collection technique. Logit model estimates for train and coach are compared. The value of high standard coach service, running in parallel to the train, is estimated. The new coach gained few new passengers and also a much lower monetary value than the train by both train and bus passengers.     

中国水利风景区发展的思考

从阐述水利风景区发展的本质入手,对水利风景区名称、评价方法以及水利风景区发展的制约性因素等进行分析,提出促进我国水利风景区发展的建议:深入理解水利概念和水利风景区的含义,水利风景区资源评价必须考虑舒适性资源的特点,发挥多功能性、改变后置式开发方式,处理好水利风景区与周边环境的关系。     

森林游憩环境恢复性评价影响机制研究

对环境恢复性评价的影响机制进行研究,以吉林龙湾群国家森林公园为例,尝试构建森林游憩活动中气候舒适度感知对环境恢复性评价的影响,以及二者与游客满意度和游后行为关系的结构方程模型。研究发现:气候舒适度感知正向影响环境恢复性评价,二者皆正向影响游客满意度;气候舒适度感知和游客满意度对游后行为同样有正向影响,但环境恢复性评价对游后行为不具有正向影响。因此,提高森林公园的气候舒适度和环境恢复性能更好地帮助人们恢复身心。依照研究结果,以气候舒适度及环境恢复性两个角度为公园的管理提供了相应措施及建议。     

宠物园小建筑便利清扫的高低尖顶笼舍设计法

宠物园的禽类笼舍造型太小,不适合饲养员清理粪便,设计成高低穿插模式的小建筑以后,工作人员可站立冲洗笼舍,每天无需再爬入笼内清理,规定成高屋顶和低坡顶结合的优美造型,符合动物优势生存及展出景观不规则的需求,在动物园建筑中具有一定的推广价值。     

影响汽车内饰质量的因素分析

汽车内饰已成为衡量汽车档次的一个重要方面。文章从影响汽车内饰质量的几个方面进行分析,并结合笔者公司的产品设计对提升内饰质量方法进行了论述。影响内饰零部件质量的因素主要有内饰总布置及造型设计、乘坐舒适性、人性化设计、色彩设计、内饰材料选择等。     

浅谈健康住宅及其设计

健康住宅就是在居住环境中提倡健康、舒适和安全。在实施过程中,严格遵循规划设计规范,在保证基本使用功能的前提下,关注人们心理健康,保障居住环境的健康、自然环境的亲和以及住居环境和健康环境的保护。