Evolutionary social science and universal Darwinism

How should social scientists, inclined to an evolutionary theory of aspects of human culture like science, technology, business organization and practice, react to proposals that they embrace a “Universal Darwinism”? The most prominent variety of Universal Darwinism argues for close counterparts between the variables and mechanisms of cultural evolution and biological evolution, for example proposing the concept of “memes” as units of culture. Other Universal Darwinists propose, more flexibly, that human culture and biological species both change over time through a process that involves variation and selection, but that the details of the processes may be very different. This essay argues that the narrower form of Universal Darwinism should not be acceptable to social scientists. The differences in the details of cultural evolution and biological evolution are considerable. On the other hand, if Universal Darwinism provides a roomy intellectual tent welcoming scholars studying a variety of topics, with the unifying element being a dynamic theory involving variation and selection, but with the key variables and mechanisms being recognized as perhaps differing greatly between biology and human culture, we can be happy in that camp. Evolutionary Social Science and Universal Darwinism.     

企业主流与新流创新演进机理研究

激烈的市场竞争使人们意识到,企业既需要维持创新发展优势而抢占主流市场,又需要创造新的企业发展优势而赢取未来主流市场。着眼于这一关键任务,实现主流与新流创新演进成为企业持续发展的重点。因此,基于生物进化理论、企业进化理论和企业DNA理论,提出主流与新流创新演进经过了生成、变异、选择、协同阶段。深入研究主流与新流创新的生成、变异、选择、协同机理,并与企业创新发展实践相结合,为企业未来主流创新提供具体路径指导。     

城乡交界带农村居民点用地演变规律研究——以济南市历城区为例

济南市历城区位于城乡、山地平原交界带,农村居民点用地影响因素多,特殊性强.以历城区土地利用现状图(1996年)、历城区第二次土地利用现状调查图(2008年)为依据,应用MAPGIS软件对1996-2008年农村居民点用地的扩展演变进行了定量分析.结果表明:研究期内,历城区农村居民点用地总面积呈增加趋势,全区共增加了34...     

How technological innovation affects the structure of an industry: entrepreneurship evolution in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry since 1980

Challenges faced by the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, including reduced R&D productivity and the expiration of drugs that are high in demand, are recently being addressed through technological innovation. Such innovations are highly likely to change the structure and functioning of the industry. Since 2000, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have actively made strategic alliance, and technological innovations have changed the source of innovation from R&D to entrepreneurship within the industry. In this study, we identify the evolution of entrepreneurship and discuss the changes caused by technological advancements since 1980 by analysing patterns of exporting and acquiring technology data from Medtrack. Over difference period, biopharmaceutical firms have gained new knowledge and improved technology, and have implemented this newly acquired knowledge and innovation to introduce drugs to the market.     

欧洲研发合作计划的演变及模式研究

对欧洲若干重要的研发合作计划进行回顾,重点分析了框架计划和尤里卡计划的出台背景,以及它们后续的变化和相关计划的发展,从而勾勒出了欧洲研发合作的演变轨迹,并对两个面向产业界的科技合作模式进行了深入的分析和总结。     

数量驱动或创新驱动：异质型人力资本对经济增长的机制演进

基于1987-2017年中国省际面板数据,运用SYS-GMM模型研究异质型人力资本对经济增长的影响。在区分高级与基本人力资本基础上,基于招生率和收入维度,从全局和阶段差异视角剖析异质型人力资本对经济提速的机制演进。研究发现：全局而言,两种测度下基础和高级人力资本各自以数量及创新方式驱动经济增长,并呈现以数量驱动为主,数量、创新双驱动的增长模式;从演进视角看,两种测度均表明,高级人力资本创新驱动是新常态阶段经济增长的核心动力,但相比旧常态阶段,基础人力资本数量驱动日趋弱化并呈异质性;进一步研究表明,产业结构、城镇化及开放程度均对创新驱动有不同程度激励效应,而城镇化是挤出数量驱动的主要推手。     

A baseline model of industry evolution

The paper analyses some general dynamic properties of industries characterized by heterogeneous firms and continuing stochastic entry.After a brief critical assessment of some significant drawbacks of recent contributions to modeling of stochastic industrial dynamics, we propose a novel analytical apparatus able to derive some generic properties of the underlying competition process combining persistent technological heterogeneity, differential growth of individual firms and turnover. The basic model, we suggest, is indeed applicable with proper modifications to a large class of evolutionary processes, well beyond industrial dynamics.JEL Classification: L11, O30, C60Support to this research by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria; the Fujitsu Research Institute for Advanced Information (FRI), Japan; the Italian National Research Council (CNR), the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR, prot. 2002132413 003) and the Free University of Bozen Bolzano, Italy, is gratefully acknowledged. Comments by Andrea Bassanini, Francesca Chiaromonte, Steven Klepper, Uwe Cantner, Drew Fudenberg and the anonymous referees helped in shaping the paper to its present form. Mariele Berté provided the computer simulations of the model. The usual caveats apply.Correspondence to: G. Dosi     

Disagreement over the emergence of private property rights: alternative meanings, alternative explanations

This paper is an exercise in the history of thought, which compares Austrian and neoclassical theories of the emergence of private property rights, and examines, in part, the extent to which Austrians can be said to offer a commonly-agreed upon explanation that parallels Carl Menger's exemplary story of the emergence of money. We address the sources of disagreement (and apparent conflict) among emergence theorists in both schools. We try to show that some of the disagreement hinges on an unclear meaning of the term “emergence,” which is resolvable, while other sources of disagreement are fundamental at the methodological level. JEL Code B25, E40, E53     

知识默会性对服务企业国际化进入模式及演化的影响

进入模式是一种组织和执行国际商务活动的制度安排.相对有形产品来说,服务更具有知识的特性,服务企业的国际化具有更明显的知识转移特征,知识的默会性对服务企业的进入模式选择产生了不可忽略的影响.从知识基础观出发,研究知识默会性对服务企业国际化进入模式的选择及其演化的影响,具有重要学术价值.     

中国大企业税收专业化管理演进方向和演进策略

中国大企业税收专业化管理模式经过三年多的探索,取得了一定的成绩,但也存在方向不明、两种范式并存、地方特色过多、国际规范不足、税收专业化管理水平低等问题。为适应大企业税收专业化管理国际趋势,建议将中国范式的税源专业化管理下的大企业专业化管理并轨于国际范式大企业税收专业化管理,并以此为基础,培育其成长为国际范式的中国基于纳税人类别的专业化管理。演进的策略：一是制定中国大企业税收专业化管理框架,二是完善大企业税收专业化管理机构,三是优化大企业税收专业化管理职能,四是加强中国大企业税收专业化管理团队建设,五是加快信息化建设,提高信息保障水平。