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1.
A moral hazard model is used to show why overly optimistic revenue forecasts prior to elections can be optimal: Opportunistic governments can increase spending and appear more competent; ex post deficits emerge in election years, thereby producing political forecast cycles – as also found for US states in the empirical literature. Additionally, we obtain three theoretical results which are tested with panel data for Portuguese municipalities. The extent of manipulations is reduced when (i) the winning margin is expected to widen; (ii) the incumbent is not re-running; and/or (iii) the share of informed voters (proxied by education) goes up. 相似文献
2.
This paper examines the relationship between the individualism-collectivism dimension of culture and political instability using a dataset covering around 100 countries. To shed light on the causal effect of culture on political instability, the identification strategy exploits the variation in historical pathogen prevalence and the information provided by the genetic distance between countries. The results reveal that individualism has a negative and statistically significant impact on the degree of political instability, which means that this cultural trait contributes to making the political environment more stable. This finding is robust to the inclusion in the analysis of a substantial number of controls that may be correlated with both individualism and political instability, including other cultural dimensions. In fact, the relationship between individualism and political instability does not depend either on the specific measures used to quantify the level of individualism and political instability within the various countries or the estimation strategy adopted. The estimates also show that part of the observed effect of individualism is due to the impact of institutional quality, which acts as a transmission channel linking this cultural trait and political instability. 相似文献
3.
Innovation clusters combining public and private effort to develop breakthrough technologies promise greater technological advances to slow down climate change. We use a multi-country model with an emission trading system to examine whether and how international climate policy can incentivize countries to create such innovation clusters. We find that a minimal carbon price is needed to attract applied research firms, but countries may nevertheless fail to invest in complementary research infrastructure. We construct a mechanism that leads to innovation clusters when emissions targets are set before uncertainty surrounding technological developments is resolved. It is a combination of low permit endowments for the country with the lowest costs to build the needed infrastructure, compensation for this country by profits from permit trade, and maximal possible permit endowments for the remaining countries. We outline how the EU-ETS can be further refined according to this mechanism. 相似文献
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We add to the ongoing discussion regarding the policy consequences of terrorism by analyzing the effect of terrorism on international economic policy for a panel of 170 countries between 1970 and 2016. We find that countries resort to less liberal international economic policies when facing the threat of terrorism. This effect is especially relevant to smaller (less populated) countries. Our main finding is robust to an instrumental-variable approach. We argue that governments pursue less liberal international economic policies in response to terrorism to interrupt the organization and financing of terrorism, limit capital flight, stabilize public finances and signal political resolve. 相似文献
6.
以纳税信用评级披露作为一个天然外生冲击,并基于2013—2016年1214家A股上市公司的微观数据构造准自然实验,使用双重差分法系统评估纳税信用评级结果披露对上市公司研发投入的影响。结果发现:纳税信用评级结果披露显著增加了上市公司的研发投入。基于PSM-DID方法的估计结果与上述结论无明显差异。稳健性检验也表明上述结论的正确性。机制检验表明,纳税信用评级结果披露通过降低企业的融资约束,进而促进企业增加研发投入。此外,分样本回归发现纳税信用评级结果披露只能对中小型企业和民营企业的研发投入产生促进作用。 相似文献
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In this article, we compare two kinds of environmental regulations—emissions taxes and green R&D subsidies—in private and mixed-duopoly markets in the presence of R&D spillovers. We show that a green R&D subsidy is better (worse) than an emissions tax when the green R&D is efficient (inefficient), irrespective of R&D spillovers, whereas the existence of a publicly owned firm encourages the government to adopt a subsidy policy. We also show that the optimal policy choice depends on R&D efficiency and spillovers. In particular, when green R&D is inefficient and the spillover rate is low (high), the government should choose an emissions tax and (not) privatize the state-owned firm. When green R&D is efficient, however, an R&D subsidy is better, but a privatization policy is not desirable for society, irrespective of spillovers. 相似文献
9.
运用空间数据分析方法,检验产军协同、政府科技支持与技术创新效率在我国省域间的分布格局。研究表明,三者均存在显著的正向空间相关性,即正向空间溢出效应,并且在不同地区形成局部空间集聚,存在高低非均衡的“俱乐部”现象。基于空间误差模型和空间滞后模型,实证检验产军协同、政府科技支持对技术创新效率的影响。结果发现,从全国和分地区看,产军协同、政府科技支持均能够显著促进技术创新效率提升,并且二者存在显著的交互作用,能够发挥彼此间的互补效应,进一步促进技术创新效率提升;不同地区产军协同、政府科技支持对技术创新效率的影响程度存在较大差异,西部地区产军协同、政府科技支持对技术创新效率的促进作用比东部和中部地区显著。 相似文献
10.
现代桥梁工程中高墩桥梁屡见不鲜,桥墩垂直度已成为评定桥墩施工质量的重要指标之一.以新疆某特大桥项目为依托,针对高墩垂直度检测结果实用性低的问题,提出一种采用三维激光扫描技术对高墩垂直度进行非接触测量分析的方法.利用三维激光扫描仪快速获取高墩结构全局点云信息,对桥墩点云进行拼接、降噪等预处理,采用编程算法实现了桥墩节段中心点和垂直度偏差的计算,并得到了垂直度偏差变化规律图.最后将该方法与传统方法进行对比.结果表明:利用三维激光扫描技术对高墩进行快速测量,能够获取桥墩中心轴线的三维空间线型,精确分析并定位最大偏差位置,显著提高垂直度测量结果的实用性,具有良好的工程应用前景,并为后续研究桥墩垂直度问题提供了新思路. 相似文献