贸易自由化、有偏的学习效应与发展中国家的工资差异

本文构建了一个模型来研究贸易自由化对熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力工资差异的影响,从而解释发展中国家工资差异之谜。在贸易自由化之后,发展中国家接触和学习到相对多的与熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识,因此,和生产与非熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识相比,生产与熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识的生产力水平上升相对较多。也就是说,学习效应是有偏的。因为技术知识的生产是熟练劳动力密集型的,所以学习效应会导致对熟练劳动力需求的增加,扩大工资差异。同时,有偏的学习效应会使技术进步更偏向于技能密集型,从而进一步导致对熟练劳动力需求的增加,扩大工资差异。  

学习型区域创新系统及地方政府的作用研究

区域学习和创新能力是区域经济发展的关键因素。本文在梳理国内外相关研究的基础上，界定了学习型区域创新系统的内涵，分析了其主体元素及其学习与创新二者之间的作用机理，并指出了地方政府在构建学习型区域创新系统中应发挥的作用。  

基于简化利润函数的伯川德博弈模型的技术创新扩散讨论

通过在伯川德模型利润函数中引入学习影响、溢出因子等,实现了该模型的改进和简化.结合简化后的支付矩阵对企业创新采用策略进行了分析,得出了在学习能力强、溢出度高的环境下,延迟采用策略可以减低企业的采用成本.  

出口强度、资本密集度对中国出口企业自选择效应和学习效应的影响

现有研究关于出口企业自选择效应和学习效应的检验常常忽视企业的微观特征。本文通过对中国大样本微观面板数据进行统计分析和计量检验表明：国内出口企业存在生产率的静态优势，不存在“生产率悖论”。总体层面上，出口企业存在自选择效应，并且这种自选择效应对各种所有制企业和不同资本密集度企业均存在。在考虑国内外市场进入成本的情况下，高生产率的企业选择同时进入国内外两个市场，表现出自选择效应；而低生产率、高出口强度的企业选择进入国外市场，不存在自选择现象。，此外，短期内持续出口企业的学习效应为负，并且各种所有制企业的学习效应稳健为负，怛高资本密集度企业的出口学习负效应能快速扭转为正，出口强度低于50％的企业学习效应显著为正。  

基于自主学习能力培养的大学英语听力教学

教学模式改革成功的一个重要标志就是学生个性化学习的形成和自主学习能力的发展。通过在一所高职院校进行的为期一年的教学实验,对在英语听力教学中构建学生自主学习能力的必要性和有效性进行了初步探索,并总结了一套如何通过培养学生自主学习能力以提高英语听力学习效果的教学模式。  

Testing for the presence of some features of increasing returns to adoption factors in energy system dynamics: An analysis via the learning curve approach

The purpose of this paper is to explain the sources of energy system lock-in. It presents a comparative analysis of the respective contributions of some features of increasing returns to adoption factors, i.e. learning-by-doing, learning-by-searching and returns to scale effects in explaining the technological change dynamics in the energy system. The paper is technically based on a critical analysis of the learning curve approach. Econometric estimation of learning and scale effects inherent to seven energy technologies were performed by the use of several learning curve specifications. These specifications permit to deal with some crucial issues related to the learning curve estimation which are associated with the problem of omitted variable bias, the endogeneity effects and the choice of learning indicators. Results show that dynamic economies from learning effects coupled with static economies from scale effects are responsible for the lock-in phenomena of the energy system. They also show that the magnitude of such effects is correlated with the technology life cycle (maturity). In particular, results point out that, 1) the emerging technologies exhibit low learning rates associated with diseconomies of scale which are argued to be symptomatic of the outset of the deployment of new technologies characterized by diffusion barriers and high level of uncertainty, 2) the evolving technologies present rather high learning rates meaning that they respond quickly to capacity expansion and R&D activities development, 3) conventional mature technologies display low learning rates but increasing returns to scale implying that they are characterized by a limited additional diffusion prospects.  

Cost Uncertainty and Unilateral Abatement

Unilateral abatement is sometimes advocated in order to set a good example that will make other countries follow. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether existence of correlated cost uncertainty provides an incentive for a country to undertake unilateral abatement. The theoretical model is driven by two main mechanisms; first, a learning effect, as the follower country might reduce its risk premium as it can observe the cost level in the leader country. Second, there is the public good effect, i.e., the marginal benefit of abatement declines when abatement is a public good and other countries contribute to pollution reductions. Results shows that unilateral abatement would be efficient in reducing uncertainty about the unit costs of abatement if a country with low cost uncertainty would undertake abatement first, while a country with initially high cost uncertainty would follow. However, countries may prefer to act simultaneously because of the larger uncertainties that are inherent in a sequential game.   

Starting Your Career With a Fixed-Term Job: Stepping-Stone or “Dead End”?

This paper uses panel data from the UK and Germany to investigate the difference in the learning effect between workers who enter the labour market with a fixed term and a permanent job. Our results verify the existence of a wage penalty for entering the labour market with a fixed-term contract for the British males (7.1%) and especially for the British females (21.2%). British females also have a very strong learning effect that is especially large for temporary starters. In Germany, the initial wage penalty for temporary starters is smaller than in the UK—4.5% for the males and 3% for the females—and is persistent only for the males. Although initial wage differences are mitigated through the accumulation of skills on the job, this process differs between temporary and permanent starters. This suggests that the type of the starting contract may be a feature of labour market segmentation.