Informality,public employment and employment protection in developing countries

This paper proposes an equilibrium matching model for developing countries’ labor markets where the interaction between public, formal private and informal private sectors are taken into account. Theoretical analysis shows that gains from reforms aiming at liberalizing formal labor markets can be annulled by shifts in the public sector employment and wage policies. Since the public sector accounts for a substantial share of employment in developing countries, this approach is crucial to understand the main labor market outcomes of such economies. Wages offered by the public sector increase the outside option value of the workers during the bargaining processes in the formal and informal sectors. It becomes more profitable for workers to search on-the-job, in order to move to these more attractive and more stable types of jobs. The public sector therefore acts as an additional tax for the formal private firms. Using data on workers’ flows from Egypt, we show empirically and theoretically that the liberalization of labor markets plays against informal employment by increasing the profitability, and hence job creations, of formal jobs. The latter effect is however dampened or even sometimes nullified by the increase of the offered wages in the public sector observed at the same time.     

基于SWOT-AHP模型的西塘古镇旅游产业发展策略研究

西塘古镇素有"生活着的千年古镇"之名,其旅游产业的发展存在众多优势的同时也面临严峻内外部挑战。对影响西塘古镇发展的各因素进行SWOT定性分析,并在此基础上采用AHP定量模型分析限制和促进古镇旅游业发展因素,按照AHP分析结果,从域内景点布局升级优化、区位优势挖潜、过度商业开发控制以及文化与产业融合等角度提出了对应的改进策略建议。     

中国古代旅游研究综述

20世纪30年代以来,关于中国古代旅游研究的成果陆续出现,目前尚无有关研究的全面综述。该文分别对早期中国古代旅游研究以及中国古代旅游文学、旅游史、旅游文化、旅游地理与旅游经济研究现状做了概要梳理,并以中国知网期刊论文为数据来源进行统计分析,认为1997年以后中国古代旅游研究有所发展,现有成果的研究重点分别为中国古代以及明清、唐宋旅游,长江中下游地区旅游,旅游史、旅游文化与旅游文学。基于以上梳理与分析,研究认为中国古代旅游研究的进一步发展需要突破视域、理论、方法以及实用性评价标准的局限。     

The female tourist experience in Egypt as an Islamic destination

In Islamic destinations female tourists face the added challenge of negotiating their way through male constructed local norms. This paper fills the gap in gender and tourism research with a focus on female tourists’ experiences in Egypt as an Islamic destination, outlining the diverse ways in which gender shapes and influences their experiences. A qualitative approach was taken to explore women’s coping strategies with the male sexualised gaze that they encountered during their holiday in Egypt, and sheds light on measures taken towards safeguarding themselves. Their experiences were highly influenced and often involuntarily altered by unwanted male attention and sexual harassment, as the women felt the need to fit into local female norms of behaviour in order to safeguard themselves.     

The influence of website quality dimensions on e-purchasing behaviour and e-loyalty: a comparative study of Egyptian travel agents and hotels

Websites have become a channel for tourism enterprises to market and sell their services online. These enterprises are committed to improving their online services to retain customers and improving their competitiveness. This study aims to measure the effect of website quality dimensions on customer purchasing behaviour, and how this behaviour affects customer electronic (e)-loyalty. It compares the perceptions of 275 customers of travel agencies and 355 hotels using structural equation modelling. Findings revealed that website quality dimensions significantly affect the customer purchasing behaviour. The study highlighted the dimensions with a negative effect to help managers improve their website quality.     

古树名木文化价值货币化评估研究

从物质文化价值和非物质文化价值的角度,建立了古树名木文化价值评估指标体系。将古树名木的文化价值分为物质自身价值、历史文化价值、社会生态价值。运用基本价值×调整系数之和的公式法计算了物质自身价值及历史文化价值。运用条件价值评估法(CVM)基于人们的支付意愿评估社会生态价值。最后,以福州国家森林公园中的千年古榕为例评估其文化价值,得出其文化价值的评估值为1.901亿元。     

Beyond the Optimistic Curse: A New Multiscenario Approach to Debt Sustainability Assessment

While a careful and accurate debt sustainability assessment (DSA) is crucial for an efficient macroeconomic management, the most widely used framework introduced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) suffers from several drawbacks that render its results overoptimistic and misleading. In this article, we correct the methodology by demonstrating how policy makers can develop country-specific “intermediate” forecasts of the determinants of debt dynamics, in addition to coherent “optimistic” and “pessimistic” scenarios. Our application to the case of Egypt illustrates that the debt-to-GDP ratio could increase to more than 100 percent by 2015, in contrast with the 61 percent projected by the IMF in 2010.     

旅游发展下客家妇女的地位变迁研究--成都龙泉洛带古镇的个案调查

关注旅游发展下客家妇女地位变迁状况，有益于深化旅游对东道主女性影响研究和客家文化变迁研究。以四川龙泉洛带古镇为例，采取问卷调查与个案访谈法，综合采用定量和定性分析，探究旅游发展下洛带古镇客家妇女家庭地位和社会地位的变迁状态、变迁特点和变迁原因。研究表明，旅游发展影响洛带客家妇女地位变迁；旅游对洛带客家妇女家庭地位变迁影响强度大于社会地位变迁，且更易于被感知；旅游参与方式对洛带客家妇女地位变迁程度无明显影响；旅游影响洛带客家妇女地位变迁的原因集中表现在生计、自由空间和家庭分工的改变。     

古镇保护与旅游利用的良性互动

在“保护与利用二者不可得兼”几乎成为一种思潮的时候，古镇的保护与利用，也和其他文物古迹的保护与利用一样，已经成为我们面临的无法绕过的课题。因为古镇是众多遗存单体的有机共生，因此决定了它在人类的遗产财富中往往有着远胜于其他各别的单体文物或遗址的价值。同时又基于它是现代居民实际使用的活文物，所以古镇的保护还必须探讨它自身的规律。本文中，作者对以上现实进行了认真的分析，并在此基础上提出了古镇保护与旅游利用的良性互动。