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1.
What constitutes a potentially hazardous object is often debated. This article analyses the polemic construction and negotiation of risk in the Swedish controversy over the use of antibacterial silver in health care and consumer products. This debate engages the media, government agencies, parliament and government, non-governmental organizations and companies. Texts and websites from these actors were studied using content analysis. Antibacterial silver is construed by some actors as a risk object with harmful effects on a series of objects at risk: the environment, public health, organisms and sewage treatment. In contrast, other actors deny that antibacterial silver is a risk object, instead construing it as mitigating risk. In such a schema, antibacterial silver is conceived of as managing the risk objects of bacteria and micro-organisms, in turn managing the risk objects of infection, bad smell and washing, and in turn helping the environment and public health (objects at risk). The structure of the debate suggests two basic modes of risk communication. First, antibacterial silver is construed as a risk object, endangering a variety of objects at risk, such as organisms, public health, the environment and sewage treatment. Second, this association between antibacterial silver and objects at risk is obstructed, by denying that antibacterial silver is a risk object or by associating silver with the benefit of mitigating risk.  相似文献   
2.
介绍了合成喹诺酮药物-些重要中间体所取得的新进展,这些中间体包括:2,3,4-三氟~4-硝基苯、2,4-二氯-5-氟苯甲酸、4-丁酰氯、2,6-二氯-5-氟烟酰乙酸乙酯、2,4-二氯-5-氟苯乙酮、2,4-二氯氟苯等。另外,对某些合成方法的改进作了较详细叙述,如:2,4-二氯氟苯、2,4-二氯-5-氟苯甲酸等。如其中以1,2,3-三氯苯为起始原料,经硝化、氟化两步反应制得的1,2,3-三氟-硝基苯产品质量分数大于99%,收率达60%。  相似文献   
3.
Abstract

Objectives:

This study evaluated patient and prescriber characteristics, treatment patterns, average daily dose (ADD), and glycemic control of patients initiating glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in Germany.

Methods:

The LifeLink? EMR-EU database was searched to identify patients initiating exenatide twice daily (BID) or liraglutide once daily (QD) during the index period (January 1, 2009–April 4, 2010). Eligible patients had ≥180 days pre-index history, ≥90 days post-index follow-up, and a pre-index type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Univariate tests were conducted at α?=?0.05.

Results:

Six hundred and ninety-two patients were included (exenatide BID 292, liraglutide QD 400): mean (SD) age 59 (10) years, 59% male. Diabetologists prescribed liraglutide QD to a larger share of patients (65% vs 35% exenatide BID) than non-diabetologists (51% vs 49%). GLP-1 receptor agonist choice was not associated with age (p?=?0.282), gender (p?=?0.960), number of pre-index glucose-lowering medications (2.0 [0.9], p?=?0.159), pre-index HbA1c (8.2 [1.5%], p?=?0.231) or Charlson Comorbidity Index score (0.45 [0.78], p?=?0.547). Mean (SD) ADD was 16.7?mcg (9.2, label range 10–20?mcg) for exenatide BID and 1.4?mg (0.7, label range 0.6–1.8?mg) for liraglutide QD. Among patients with post-index HbA1c tests, mean unadjusted values did not differ between cohorts. Exenatide BID patients were more likely than liraglutide QD patients to continue pre-index glucose-lowering medications (67.1% vs 60.3%, p?=?0.027) or to start concomitant glucose-lowering medications at index (32.2% vs 25.0%, p?=?0.013); exenatide BID patients were less likely to augment treatment with another drug post-index (15.8% vs 22.5%, p?=?0.027).

Limitations:

Results may not be generalizable. Lab measures for clinical outcomes were available only for a sub-set of patients.

Conclusions:

Results suggested that some differences exist between patients initiating exenatide BID or liraglutide QD, with respect to prescribing physician specialty and pre- and post-index treatment patterns. Both GLP-1 receptor agonists showed comparable post-index HbA1c values in a sub-set of patients.  相似文献   
4.
Background: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody positivity is an established diagnostic factor for severe disease activity and joint damage and a prognostic factor for aggressive disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Objective: To compare RA-related treatment, healthcare utilization, and joint erosion between anti-CCP-positive and anti-CCP-negative RA patients.

Methods: Newly-diagnosed RA patients were identified from the Henry Ford Health System database between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014; the date of the first RA diagnosis within the study period was the index date. Baseline anti-CCP test was used to categorize patients as anti-CCP-positive or anti-CCP-negative, and outcomes were evaluated in the 6 months post-index.

Results: There were 217 anti-CCP-positive and 191 anti-CCP-negative RA patients included in the study. A higher proportion of anti-CCP-positive patients were initiated on RA treatment than anti-CCP-negative patients (70.5% vs 23.0%; p?<?.0001). More anti-CCP-positive patients received methotrexate (73.2% vs 56.8%; p?=?.0374), while more anti-CCP-negative patients received hydroxychloroquine (31.8% vs 13.1%; p?=?.0037) in first-line therapy. A higher proportion of anti-CCP-negative patients were tested for rheumatoid factor (RF) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Of those tested, there were more positive test results in the anti-CCP-positive cohort compared to the anti-CCP-negative cohort (RF: 84.4% vs 18.2%, p?<?.0001; C-reactive protein [CRP]: 69.7% vs 48.3%, p?=?.0008; and ESR: 89.5% vs 53.9%, p?<?.0001). Outpatient utilization predominated, with more anti-CCP-positive patients having any outpatient physician office visit (96.3% vs 77.5%, p?<?.0001) and a higher mean number of visits (5.3 vs 2.5, p?<?.0001) than anti-CCP-negative patients. Among anti-CCP-positive (n?=?113) and anti-CCP-negative (n?=?58) patients with imaging results, more anti-CCP-positive patients had joint erosion compared to anti-CCP-negative patients (18.6% vs 8.6%; p?=?.0858); however, statistical significance was not reached.

Conclusion: RA patients with positive anti-CCP antibodies had higher degrees of inflammation and disease activity as indicated by laboratory results, which likely contributed to their higher rates of healthcare utilization, joint erosion, and proportions of RA treatment.  相似文献   
5.
柑橘中含有丰富的柑橘黄酮,且一般以糖基化苷的形式存在,其中黄烷酮的含量最多。从植物中提取的柑橘黄酮是纯天然物质,其中含有多种有效成分,本文就其抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎、抗癌及预防心血管疾病等功效进行了论述。  相似文献   
6.
本实验以细菌和霉菌为作用对象,通过测定苯乳酸(PLA)对细菌和霉菌最低抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度,以及PLA对菌体生物量和孢子萌发率的影响,比较了PLA的两种对映体D-PLA和L-PLA的抑菌活性。实验结果表明,D-PLA和L-PLA对所测菌的抑菌活性没有明显差别。  相似文献   
7.
抗生素的滥用导致多重耐药菌株的出现,限制了临床常规抗生素的使用范围。法罗培南是一种新研制出的广谱抗菌药,尤其对厌氧菌有强抗菌作用,属于口服青霉烯类抗生素。对法罗培南的抗菌机制、抗菌活性、临床应用、合成路线以及市场前景进行了简要叙述。  相似文献   
8.
谢氏丙酸杆菌发酵废液中生物抑菌物质的研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
卢楠  朱文华 《河北工业科技》2012,29(3):138-140,145
对生产维生素B12的谢氏丙酸杆菌发酵废液中是否存在生物抑菌物质,其性质、抑菌作用大小及抗菌谱进行了研究。研究表明,谢氏丙酸杆菌的发酵液针对检验菌的抑菌效果明显优于化学防腐剂且抑菌谱较广,可以抑制一些革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌及真菌,其中主要抑菌成分为等电点在2.0附近的蛋白类物质、丙酸氨、乙酸氨。  相似文献   
9.
通过体外检测中药白蔹提取物的抗补体和抗菌作用,旨在探索抗补体和抗菌活性的关系.文章采用体外细胞溶血法和琼脂平板扩散法检测样品抗补体和抗菌活性.结果显示:白蔹正丁醇萃取物具有较好的抗补体(CH50=0.074mg/mL)和抗菌作用.  相似文献   
10.
介绍了合成2,3,4,5-四氟苯甲酸的8条工艺路线,按采用主要原料来分,它包括:四氯苯酐法,四氟苯甲醇法,邻苯二腈法,四氟苯法,八氯萘法,N-苯基四氯邻苯二甲酰亚胺法等.对其中四氯苯酐法和N-苯基四氯邻苯二甲酰亚胺法,由于原料易得,操作条件适宜,容易工业化等原因作了重点叙述.合成步骤一般采用缩合、氟化、开环、脱羧和水解等反应合成2,3,4,5-四氟苯甲酸.2,3,4,5-四氟苯甲酸是一种重要的医药中间体,尤其是合成第3、4代喹诺酮抗菌药物的重要原料或中间体,如合成:洛美沙星、司氟沙星、氟罗沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星和芦氟沙星等.从发展趋势看,世界抗菌药物市场正在由头孢菌素向喹诺酮药物转移,所以,开发2,3,4,5-四氟苯甲酸具有璀璨的前景.  相似文献   
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