Innovation and antibiotic use within antibiotic classes: Market incentives and economic instruments

We analyze a monopolist's incentive to innovate a new antibiotic which is connected to the same pool of antibiotic treatment efficacy as is another drug produced by a generic industry. We outline the differences of antibiotic use under market conditions and in the social optimum. A time- and state-dependent tax-subsidy mechanism is proposed to induce the monopolist and generic industry to exploit antibiotic efficacy optimally.     

Innovation and antibiotic use within antibiotic classes: Market incentives and economic instruments

We analyze a monopolist's incentive to innovate a new antibiotic which is connected to the same pool of antibiotic treatment efficacy as is another drug produced by a generic industry. We outline the differences of antibiotic use under market conditions and in the social optimum. A time- and state-dependent tax-subsidy mechanism is proposed to induce the monopolist and generic industry to exploit antibiotic efficacy optimally.     

几株益生乳杆菌耐药性的研究

采用药敏纸片法研究了戊糖乳杆菌、瑞士乳杆茵、干酪乳杆茵等7株益生乳杆茵对11种抗生素的敏感性,结果发现,7株乳杆茵均耐受多种抗生素。对戊糖乳杆茵LP-B耐四环素基因(tetM,tetS和tetW)的初步研究表明,该四环素耐受基因不位于基因组DNA上,是否存在于质粒上及其该基因的转移性等尚有待于进一步研究。     

Liability dollarization,exchange market pressure and fear of floating: empirical evidence for Turkey

US and British unemployment rates for non–white males and females are compared over the period 1970–1998. Whereas US rates remained fairly steady, there was a marked increase in British non–white unemployment rates. The reasons for this poor performance, relative to the good performance of US non–whites are explored. It is shown that non–white unemployment behaves in different ways across the two countries. For example, British rates rise faster in a recession than white rates, whereas US rates appear not to follow this British hypercyclical pattern.     

汽车用非织造布稀土抗菌防臭整理进展

文章重点综述了汽车用非织造布稀土抗菌防臭整理进展,并对稀土抗菌防臭发展过程、加工方法、机理等进行了简单总结。     

Economics and Biological Evolution

The employment of insecticides raises the relative fitness of resistant insects; the use of antibiotics applies selection pressure in favour of resistant strains of bacteria; lower limits on fish net mesh size raises the advantages of smaller adults. These are some of the many examples of the unintended impact of human activity upon biological evolution. Often this evolution has economic significance, as it does in the examples quoted. This paper examines some of the principles involved and provides a preliminary analysis of the extent to which the economically optimal inducement of evolution differs from that arising when changes in selection pressures are not anticipated. Thanks are due to Jenny Ligthart and other participants at the 1994 EAERE conference in Dublin and especially to two referees of this journal for their helpful comments.     

三维电催化耦合厌氧处理抗生素废水技术研究

高浓度含盐抗生素有机废水经电催化氧化预处理后,在后续生化处理中表现出良好的生化性。实验中所使用的UASB-一级接触好氧-二级接触好氧连续生化处理系统在运行90天的时间后,出水COD浓度基本稳定在100mg/L左右,可达到国家污水综合排放标准一级标准。     

How complicated skin and soft tissue infections are treated in Italy: economic evaluation of inpatient intravenous antibiotic treatment in seven hospitals

Abstract

Objectives: Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs) are a common cause of morbidity at hospital level. This study aimed to evaluate the costs and outcomes of inpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy for the treatment of cSSTI in seven Italian hospitals.

Methods: A total of 307 patients were enrolled in a retrospective, multicentre, incidence-based, observational study. The target population consisted of hospitalised patients eligible to receive intravenous antibiotic therapy for cSSTI. Direct hospital costs were measured through a microcosting approach.

Results: Failure of initial antibiotic therapy occurred in 23% of patients. Average antibiotic treatment lasted 12.2 days; the average full cost of admission totalled €5,530. If the initial antibiotic regimen fails to eradicate the infectious organism, the length of stay extends for 7 days and costs increase by €2,850 per patient. Nevertheless, when taking into account the lower intensity of care during the last days of treatment, savings reduce costs to €671 per patient. These could be increased by €74 for each hospital day avoided because of faster antibiotic action.

Conclusions: Efforts should be made to minimise the risk of selecting wrong antibiotics and to identify the quickest antibiotic in eradicating the infection.     

泌尿生殖道支原体检测及耐药性分析

了解泌尿生殖道解脲脲原体(Uu)和人型支原体(Mh)感染情况及药敏特性,指导临床合理用药。采用支原体培养、鉴定、药敏试剂盒对患者进行支原体培养鉴定及药敏实验。结果为943例患者中支原体培养阳性325例,感染率为34.5%,解脲脲原体(Uu)、人型支原体(Mh)及两者混合感染的阳性率分别为22.2%、2.4%、9.9%。支原体对环丙沙星的耐药性最高为56.9%,其次为氧氟沙星和司帕沙星,分别为52.6%和38.8%,对交沙霉素、强力霉素和美满霉素的耐药率较低,分别为5.8%、7.4%和12.0%。支原体是引起泌尿生殖道感染的重要病原体之一,交沙霉素、强力霉素和美满霉素是治疗该地区泌尿生殖道支原体感染的首选药物。     

水解酸化在抗生素废水处理中的应用

在抗生素废水处理中,水解酸化工艺替代厌氧消化工艺可改善水质,提高后续好氧生化处理效率,增强处理能力,同时可避免厌氧消化产生含硫沼气带来的二次污染。另外,水解酸化对温度适应性很强,具备很大的节能空间。