Determinants of individual investment decisions in investment‐based crowdfunding

We investigate determinants of investment decisions in investment‐based (equity and bond) crowdfunding campaigns, using a novel investment‐, investor‐ and campaign‐level database, where equity refers to investments in entrepreneurial start‐ups and bonds to large real estate projects. We find that investors who have higher social interactions invest more. Social interactions are important in an equity crowdfunding context but do not affect participation in bond investments. This is consistent with the view that investors' social networks help reduce information asymmetry. Women invest less in the riskiest (equity) investments but more in safer ones (bonds). These findings are better explained by differences in risk aversion than differences in overconfidence between men and women. Overall, the findings contribute to the understanding of how investment‐based crowdfunding can be a viable source of entrepreneurial finance and how entrepreneurs' campaign decisions affect investor participation in this new form of entrepreneurial finance.     

股权众筹投资者权益保护的思维变革与制度完善--如何构建有效的股权众筹投资者保护机制

随着金融创新力度加大,以股权众筹为代表的互联网金融模式在拓宽中小微企业融资渠道,丰富普惠金融内涵的同时,也为投资者保护带来了严峻挑战。中国证券业协会发布的《私募股权众筹融资管理办法》对股权众筹投资者保护进行了详细规定。在股权众筹投资者保护方面,《管理办法》表现出信息披露适度、投资者范围明确、外部监管与自律管理结合的内在逻辑,体现了软法和自律管理为主、原则导向的投资者保护监管的思维特点。针对股权众筹的普惠金融属性,可从合格投资者限定、信息披露具体要求、征信体系建设、投资者冷静期设立方面对《管理办法》加以完善,力求在现有法治框架下促进股权众筹投资者保护制度的完善和发展。     

Out of control or right on the money? Funder self-efficacy and crowd bias in equity crowdfunding

Our findings extend the entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the mechanism through which self-efficacy can hinder rather than enhance performance in entrepreneurial settings. Using two complementary experimental studies and a third quasi-experimental field study on equity crowdfunding decisions, we demonstrate that self-efficacy is negatively related to decision-making performance. This relationship is mediated by reduced searching effort. Our research also indicates that high self-efficacy funders tend to exhibit a “crowd bias” whereby they over-weight the opinions of the crowd, increasing the likelihood that they will fund poor quality ventures when such ventures are favored by the crowd. We introduce the term crowd bias and explore its effects, establishing that social indicators in the form of crowd cues can exasperate the negative effects of self-efficacy.     

新业态金融风险的回应性监管——以网络股权众筹平台为例

股权众筹融资模式是一种典型的新业态互联网金融模式。处于股权众筹融资产业链核心的股权众筹平台近年来快速发展,并伴随着道德风险、法律风险、投资风险和管理风险4大风险类别。基于回应性监管原理,对金融新业态的回应性监管,在行业发展初期应该采取超罚策略与鼓励强化自我监管策略同时使用的方法,使全行业树立底线思维,防止大规模道德风险的产生。同时应通过监管逐步升级、引入和加强第三方监管、倡导强化自我监管、加强与行业内发展较快企业的沟通等多种方式建立多方共治的"大监管"格局,防止严重的法律风险、投资风险发生,并改善管理风险。     

投资者动机对众筹投资决策的影响

基于慈善理论,投资者动机分为内源动机、外源动机和提升声誉动机,这些动机既能影响众筹投资者的投资决策,也会相互影响。本文借助"众筹网"的投资数据,对投资者进行分类,考察投资者动机对众筹决策的影响。研究结果显示外源动机投资者、提升声誉动机投资者的投资金额更高;进一步探究内源动机与声誉动机的相互影响,结果显示二者负相关,内源动机投资者更关注内心满足,而对声誉需求较少。该研究可以辅助筹资者设置项目内容吸引不同动机投资者,并帮助众筹平台优化服务,从而提高项目融资效率和成功率。     

The formation and interplay of social capital in crowdfunded social ventures

The multi-levelled processes taking place in Crowdfunding (CF), when tapping a large heterogeneous crowd for resources, and the often fundamentally different intentions of individual crowd members in the case of highly desirable social ventures with little prospect for economic gains, may lead to a different logic and approach to how entrepreneurship develops. Using this under-institutionalized sphere as both, context and subject, the author seeks evidence and a new understanding of entrepreneurial routes by using the sociological perspectives of Bourdieus' four forms of capital as a lens on 36 cases of social ventures. In the cases, opportunity recognition, formation and exploitation could not be distinguished as separate processes. CF and sourcing help form the actual opportunity and disperse information at the same time. In addition, the ‘nexus’ of opportunity and entrepreneur is breached in CF of social causes through the constant exchange of ideas with the crowd, leading to norm-value pairs between the funders and the entrepreneurs. Issues of identification and control are thus not based upon any formal relationship but based on perceived legitimization and offered democratic participation leading to the transformation of social capital (SC) into economic capital (EC). Success is based upon the SC of the entrepreneurial teams, yet the actual resource exchange and transformation into EC is highly moderated by cultural and symbolic capital that is being built up through the process.     

基于不同主体的小微企业众筹风险识别与防范

对小微企业众筹发展过程中的风险问题进行研究，站在行业发展的视角对来源于小微企业、投资人、众筹平台、法律与环境的风险进行识别，并构建小微企业众筹风险评价的指标体系，利用层次分析法对识别出的来源于小微企业、投资人、众筹平台、法律与环境的主要风险进行评估，评估结果发现小微企业是最重要风险来源；根据风险评估的结果，从小微企业、投资人、众筹平台、法律与环境四个方向提出加强社会信用体系建设、建立信息披露制度与流程，设置投资人进入门槛、制定众筹平台的准入原则及管理标准等小微企业众筹的风险防范建议，为众筹的持续快速发展提供参考。     

crowdfunding——初创企业的融资救星

近年来，从欧美市场兴起的Crowdfunding（众筹）概念改变了现有的创业融资生态环境，其运作模式是通过众人集体的融资来帮助初创企业度过最艰难的成长阶段。2012年与2011年相比，全球Crowdfunding活动数量增长了81％，资金总额达26．7亿美元，预计2013年其资金总量将到达51亿美元。Crowdfunding分为捐赠、奖励、贷款和投资4种类型，其投资类是初创企业通常采用的方式。Crowdfunding的成功要素包括：融资目标的设置、防止欺诈、投资者信息开放以及融资结束后的管理等等。欧美政府对Crowdfunding持支持的态度，其欧美市场Crowdfunding的发展如日中天，给初创企业融资带来了新的生机。Crowdfunding强劲的发展趋势表明其是一种不可忽视的新兴融资模式。     

Researching the crowd: Implications on philanthropic crowdfunding and donor characteristics during a pandemic

New online forms of giving have appeared next to more traditional ways like door-to-door collections. One of these new forms is philanthropic crowdfunding: donation- and reward-based crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is a promising method for mobilising and recruiting donors who may be unreachable via traditional methods. We analysed online giving via crowdfunding, focusing on donor characteristics and giving behaviour before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis comprises survey research (n = 2125) observing giving behaviour on an individual level for both donors and non-donors. Our contributions are twofold. First, we report on the characteristics of donors who give to crowdfunding sources and in relation to donors who give via a door-to-door (i.e., ‘traditional’) collection focusing on micro- rather than macro-level data. Second, we compare the giving behaviour via crowdfunding with references to door-to-door collections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that the percentage of individuals supporting crowdfunding did not increase between 2018 (11%) and 2020 (12%). Regarding the amount, donors donated 13% higher amounts in 2020, but the difference was not significant. Regarding the characteristics of donors, we find that social media has a substantive role in giving via crowdfunding irrespective of other personal markers such as age, education, income, and gender, while this is not relevant in the case of door-to-door collection. Moreover, most people give to crowdfunding projects that are connected to an acquaintance, which signals that familiarity with the person initiating the crowdfunding projects plays a role. We conclude that crowdfunding, relative to more traditional giving, focuses more on informal giving than formal giving. Such an understanding requires different strategies and stimuli to increase giving via crowdfunding.