Institutional design and the closure of public facilities in transition economies

As part of the reforms of their systems for financing and delivering health care, many transition economies, particularly in central and eastern Europe, have adopted national insurance funds that are institutionally separate from ministries of health. Most of these countries have also grappled with the problem of restructuring the delivery system, especially the need to reduce hospital capacity. Although improving the performance of medical care providers through a shift from passive budgeting to explicitly incentive mechanisms is important, why this change in financial relations between the government and providers could not be implemented simply by reforming the role of health ministries is not obvious. This paper presents an explicit rationale for the separation of powers between the regulator (the ministry of health) and the financing body (the insurance fund), based on the inability of a single agency to commit to closing hospitals. JEL classification: L51, P20, P35, I18.     

A Cross‐national Comparison of R&D Expenditure Decisions: Tax Incentives and Financial Constraints*

We provide evidence on the impact of tax incentives and financial constraints on corporate R&D expenditure decisions. We contribute to extant research by comparing R&D expenditures in the United States and Canada, thereby exploiting the differences in the two countries' R&D tax credit mechanisms and generally accepted accounting principles. The two tax incentive mechanism designs are consistent with differing views of the degree of financial constraints faced by firms in these economies. Our sample also allows us to explore the effects of capitalizing R&D on Canadian firms. Employing a matched design, we document relations between tax credit incentives and R&D spending consistent with both Canadian and U.S. public companies responding as though they are not financially constrained. We estimate that the Canadian credit system induces, on average, $1.30 of additional R&D spending per dollar of taxes forgone while the U.S. system induces, on average, $2.96 of additional spending. We also find that firms that capitalize R&D costs in Canada spend, on average, 18 percent more on R&D. Collectively, this evidence is important to the ongoing debates in both countries concerning the appropriate design of incentives for R&D and is consistent with the assumptions found in the U.S. tax credit system, but not those found in the Canadian system.     

中国邮政储蓄银行中间业务特色化发展战略的设想——以安徽分行为例

自成立之日起,中国邮政储蓄银行依托强大的邮政网络,励精图治,其中间业务迅速发展,呈现出品种丰富、效用增强、规模扩大的趋势。该行在中国作为＂草根银行＂,的确为区域经济的发展做出了应有的贡献,但和金融同业相比,其中间业务发展仍凸显产品研发滞后、业务收益不高、操作风险尚存等问题。本文以邮政储蓄银行安徽分行为例,结合其中间业务发展现状的分析,对邮政储蓄银行特色化发展战略进行设想,提出要通过审时度势、东学西渐、内外联动和左右开弓的系列措施助力其中间业务发展。     

Tourism and urban revitalization a case study of Pore , Yugoslavia

This article emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to revitalization of old urban areas through tourism. Historical urban values require special multidisciplinary care when transformed to suit the needs of both tourists and local population. The case study of the old urban area in Pore illustrates how this can be done. The study was aimed at identifying reasons for which tourists and local population visit Pore 's old urban core. It also intended to analyze the visitors' reactions to and expectations of old urban areas. The findings were to help make revitalization decisions and introduce new measures into the revitalization process itself, which in turn aimed at contributing to both future tourism developments and preservation of the area's historical and cultural heritage.     

浅析多媒体技术在车辆工程教学中的应用

随着教育的发展 ,传统的教学方法已不能满足时代的需要 ,亟待运用现代教育技术手段 ,特别是多媒体的教学形式进入课堂 ,以发挥其特有的功能来提高学习效率。本文浅淡了如何在车辆工程教学中运用计算机多媒体的图、文、声、像并茂的特点 ,有效的激发学生的学习兴趣。     

转型背景下的社会心理优化

社会转型带来的一项艰巨工作就是解决人们的不良社会心理问题.如何从理论上探索优化社会心理的方法.这是当前构建和谐辽宁急需解决的理论问题.通过对辽宁地区不良社会心理的特点、不良社会心理的形成原因与机制的解析,提出优化社会心理要发挥舆论导向、营造社会公正公平环境、切实解决民生问题、建立有效心理疏导机制、不断提高科学思维能力等心理疏导路径.     

中国核电产业国产化发展分析

自第一座军用堆的建成到2019年7月三代核电机组再次获批建设,我国核电经历了长期的发展,进入了核电重启时期。主要简述了不同发展阶段的核电技术路线,核电设备国产化率,以及相关的发展规划。我国核电产业的发展,是核电产业和制造业的奋斗史。核电设备的国产化率在有限的核电项目中不断提高。面对核电国产化过程中遇到的技术难点,我国核电从设计院到制造商共同承担风险,突破困境,实现了三代技术的国产化。在更先进的核电技术需求背景下,核电产业需要建立可持续发展的先进产业设备制造供应管体系。     

基于熵权TOPSIS法的长江经济带建筑业高质量发展动态测度研究

从建筑发展的规模性、效益性、创新性、绿色性、协调性以及共享性6个维度构建长江经济带建筑业高质量发展指标体系,利用熵权TOPSIS法对2011—2020年长江经济带建筑业高质量发展进行动态测度和评价。结果显示：2011—2020年长江经济带建筑业高质量发展水平排名前3的分别是上海、江苏、湖北;长江经济带整体呈现“东部地区较强,中部地区中等,西部地区较弱”的空间特征。     

我国红树林自然保护区旅游发展动力机制理论探讨

本文以旅游发展的驱动力为切入点．在前人研究的基础上结合实地考察及实践经验．指出红树林自然保护区旅游是在资源保护、社区发展以及旅游市场需求的推动下。在旅游产品吸引、中介系统的引导以及支持系统的辅助下开展的。文章在此基础上提出了自然保护区发展的动力系统结构模型及其驱动机制．旨在为我国红树林及其他类型的自然保护区旅游发展提供理论指导。进一步完善我国旅游区动力研究。