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A substantial proportion of foodborne illness is associated with food prepared in households. The primary understanding of how foods are handled in private homes comes mostly from questionnaire based studies and direct observation. The aim of this survey was to examine consumers' perceptions and knowledge of safe food handling practices in Greece. More specifically, their attitudes, opinions and self‐reported practices were studied. Data were collected from a total of 399 consumers living in Greece by the use of a self‐administered on‐line survey. The questionnaire consisted of four positive and five negative statements according to the 5‐point Likert scale, which grouped into three constructions using principal component analysis in order to investigate food safety perceptions of consumers. Furthermore, the survey included 11 demographic questions, two close‐ended questions (type yes/no) and four questions that are related to self‐reported food‐handling practices. The results showed that the most commonly known bacterium causing food‐related illness according to respondents' knowledge is Salmonella (99.7%), followed by Escherichia coli (73.9%) and Listeria (58.4%). The overall consumers' score concerning food safety was 32.8 ± 5.37 (full score was 45). No significant differences to the mean score of food safety knowledge were found according to gender, age or the incidence of foodborne illness over the past 12 months. Knowledge and awareness of safe food handling practices was enhanced at higher education levels, while homemakers were found to have deficiencies at this level. Information obtained from consumers can be used to shape educational programs and determine where food safety educational efforts would be most effective and the needed content of the messages.  相似文献   
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随着社会的发展,具有特殊功效、配方或特殊生产工艺,针对特殊消费人群的特殊食品市场迅速增长。但这些特殊食品是否具有功效,是否存在副作用等都还不是十分了解。因此,如何定义特殊食品侵权就成为一个值得研究的问题。特殊食品侵权的认定,就是要在界定特殊食品及其缺陷的基础上,结合相关法律法规,深入探讨特殊食品缺陷致人损害的侵权责任构成要件,以期为我国构建更为完善的缺陷食品侵权救济机制。  相似文献   
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In the frame of the Sino-ltalian Cooperation Program for Environmental Protection, jointly launched in the year 2000 by the Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory and Sea (IMETS) and the China State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), experimental trials were carried out in Qingzhou city (Shandong Province, China) during 2001-2003 to test several methyl bromide alternative methods to control soilborne diseases in greenhouse tomatoes. Grafting tomatoes on resistant rootstock (Lyeopersicon lycopersicum × L. hirsutum), metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films; metham sodium applied at low rate under virtually impermeable films and soil sotarization combined with biocontrol agents were the alternatives tested and compared to methyl bromide applied under virtually impermeable plastic films too. Collected data show that resistant rootstock (Lycopersicon tycopersicum × L. hirsutum) introduced from Italy is a promising alternative to methyl bromide for local tomato cultivars. Metham sodium applied under traditional polyethylene plastic films is an effective alternative. Moreovez virtually impermeable films demonstrate the help to reduce methyl bromide and metham sodium rates. Finally soil solarization combined with biocontrol agents does not provide satisfactory results in terms of disease control.  相似文献   
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Project risk analysis has traditionally emphasized the analysis of external threats. Here we argue that internal decisions and structures are more fundamental, because they determine which external events pose risks to project management. A “pathogen” metaphor is used to understand these internal sources of risk, in an analysis of failure in two sets of projects that lie on the border between the private and public sectors. This analysis goes beyond earlier work on organizational pathogens by treating them as subjective interpretations, not objective conditions. The study suggests that the more insidious risks to which a project is exposed involve different project members holding contradictory beliefs about what is pathogenic and what is protective  相似文献   
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[目的]利用可见光基因芯片技术,针对12种常见食源性致病菌,建立快速、准确、高通量的诊断方法。[方法]设计靶细菌16S rDNA和23S rDNA的通用引物,反向引物5’端标记生物素;特异寡核苷酸探针设计在两对引物之间的可变区,5’端标记氨基基团。将探针点样于固相载体制备基因芯片,优化PCR反应体系后,PCR产物与芯片点制探针区域进行杂交,然后通过化学显色直接观察结果,并评价反应体系的特异性、灵敏度、重复性等指标。收集临床样本28例,同时制备双盲模拟污染样本10例,对检测方法进一步评价。[结果]:本试验所建立的基因芯片方法可同时检测志贺菌、耶尔森氏菌、沙门菌、腊样芽孢杆菌、空肠弯曲菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌、单增李氏菌、布鲁氏菌、变形杆菌、肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7等12种食源性致病菌,特异性高,操作简便;针对纯培养食源性致病菌反应体系的灵敏度为10^3cfu/mL,模拟样本的灵敏度为10^4cfu/mL;重复性好;采用可见光基因芯片方法检测28例临床样本,26例与常规培养方法结果完全一致,符合率达到92.9%;双盲模拟样本的检测符合率达到100%。  相似文献   
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两种或两种以上的病原物同时浸染昆虫寄主时, 病原物之间的相互作用表现为偏 利、偏害、中性及竞争等类型,寄主群体的病症可呈多种形式[1]。根据单种病菌的重叠浸染原理, 建立了多种病原物混合浸染时以温度、病原接种量、虫龄及湿度为因子的昆虫流行病模型,由模 型可计算寄主群体中不同病原物的致病比率,及寄主群体的总发病率,给出了模型的参数求解算 法,以及病原物相互作用类型的判定准则,这类模型可用于多种病原物混合浸染的昆虫流行病预 测,也可作为多种病原物混合施用防治害虫的最优化模型。  相似文献   
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