Social Comparisons in Ultimatum Bargaining

Experiments are used to examine the effects of social comparisons in ultimatum bargaining. We inform responders about the average offer before they decide whether to accept or reject their specific offer. This significantly increases offers and offer‐specific rejection probabilities. For comparison, we consider another change in informational conditions: telling responders the total pie is $30—ex ante it was either $15 or $30—affects offers and rejection probabilities roughly as much. Our results are consistent with people’s dislike for deviations from the norm of equity but inconsistent with fairness theories, where people dislike income disparity between themselves and their referents.     

Accounting for Option–based Compensation: The Economic Cost Approach

The intrinsic value approach amortizes over the life of the option, the difference between the stock price on the date of the grant and the exercise price of the option. The fair market value approach amortizes over the life of the option, the market value of stock options on the date of the grant. These approaches do not reflect the changes in the option–based compensation cost after the grant date. This paper proposes an economic cost approach that not only adjusts for the changes in the value of the options during its life but also records the issuance of the stock at fair market value on the exercise date.     

Average Monotonic Cooperative Games

A subclass of monotonic transferable utility (T.U.) games is studied: average monotonic games. These games are totally balanced. We prove that the core coincides with both the bargaining set à la Davis and Maschler and the bargaining set à la Mas-Colell. To obtain this result a technique based on reduced games is used. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C71     

露天边坡工程及FLAC数值分析

以高西沟露天煤矿的西北边帮作为研究对象,运用FLAC3D数值模拟软件,经过数值计算得到边坡安全系数为1.57,其与工程类比法计算得到的数值差不多,知该数值分析方法不仅能快速、准确的算出边坡的稳定性系数,还能够形象的描绘边坡的滑移临界场,是一种有效的边坡稳定性分析的方法。     

孔隙水对深部巷道稳定性影响研究

随着经济的飞速发展,对资源的需求量越来越大,长期大强度的开采导致浅部的矿产资源已日渐枯竭,矿产资源的开采向深部转移,巷道的稳定性将受到高地应力和高孔隙水压力等深部恶劣环境的影响。因此本文运用岩体力学理论和有限差分软件FLAC3D,考虑流-固耦合的情况下,对高地应力下孔隙水压力的巷道的变形和稳定性进行了理论分析和数值模拟,得到孔隙水的存在使巷道变形增大,巷道的稳定性减弱。     

Optimising a Probabilistic Model of the Development of Play in Soccer

We present a probabilistic model based on the one developed by Hernández Mendo and Anguera (Revista de Psicologíca Social, 16(1), 71–93, 2001). Here we have tried to break down the interaction contexts that the opposing teams are able to generate and transform during the game. We are aware that a given player or team does not produce consistent behaviour in similar situations. However, a degree of uncertainty is assumed to exist regarding whether the results obtained are a specific function of the analysis used. In order to carry out this research a category system which optimized that used in the previous model was developed. This system should enable the interaction between teams to be observed within the actual play of a soccer game. A lag sequential analysis was performed on the basis of a coding of the behavioural flow. After describing the behavioural patterns obtained a probabilistic model of the development of play in soccer is proposed.     

The victim matters – experimental evidence on lying,moral costs and moral cleansing

In an experiment on moral cleansing with an endogenously manipulated moral self-image, we examine the role of the addressee of an immoral action. We find that cheating is highest and moral cleansing lowest when subjects cheat at the expense of the experimenter, while cheating is lowest and moral cleansing highest once cheating harms another participant. A subsequent measurement of subjects’ moral self-image supports our interpretation that the occurrence of moral cleansing crucially depends on the moral costs resulting from immoral actions directed at individuals in different roles. Our results can help to explain the different propensity to cheat and conduct moral cleansing when immoral actions harm either another person or representatives of organizations.     

电子商务三维信用模型设计与应用

电子商务三维信用风险分析模型,是有关电子商务三方互动模型的基本设定和表达.根据现实情况,可将电子商务三维信用风险分析模型转换为三维信用博弈模型或三维信用连续模型.应用三维信用连续模型,对某电子商务平台上的交易信用数据进行模型示例,结果表明：三维信用连续模型基本可以动态表达交易三方的信用水平分布的变化状态.     

战略联盟组织的稳定性、组织治理与信用约束机制

本文运用博弈论的分析框架分析了战略联盟组织不稳定性的原因在于战略联盟组织的中间组织性质所导致的战略联盟组织对机会主义行为约束的弱化,进而揭示了战略联盟组织稳定的关键在于组织内成员的博弈支付结构和博弈者对未来的预期。在此基础上,从组织治理结构的角度提出了稳定战略联盟组织应建立有效的信用约束机制的结论,阐述了这一机制的目标和内容,并针对我国战略联盟组织所面临的问题提出了相应的对策。     

旅游者认知地图研究综述

认知地图是行为地理学中的一个重要研究领域,本文在梳理认知地图的概念体系、地理学与心理学对认知地图研究基础上,综述了近30年国内外旅游者认知地图的研究.研究发现:①旅游者认知地图是具有空间定位功能的、动态的、三维的旅游环境综合表象;②受旅游活动特点和旅游地类型影响的旅游者形成了独特的认知地图类型与空间结构;③旅游者在环境习得速度和过程方面都与一般环境学习存在显著差异;④旅游者认知地图形成过程中的人类影响因素主要表现为游客类型影响因素;⑤旅游领域的研究多采用适合现场情境的方法和技术;⑥旅游者认知地图研究尚处于不成熟阶段,主要表现为研究思想、内容和方法技术等方面的缺陷.最后提出旅游者认知地图几个多学科的重要命题.旅游者认知地图研究对于旅游规划、旅游目的地营销和旅游空间行为研究具有一定理论和实践意义.