Autonomy and Effectiveness of Chinese Monetary Policy under the De Facto Fixed Exchange Rate System

This paper uses monthly data to examine the autonomy and effectiveness of monetary policy in China under the de facto fixed exchange rate arrangement in place from 1998 to 2005. The results obtained from Granger causality tests in a vector autoregression framework indicate that： （i） China actually conducted independent monetary policy during the fixed exchange rate period; and （ii） market-oriented policy measures are impotent in influencing real output and prices. The framework of the investigation into the autonomy of monetary policy adapts to the Chinese economic condition that primary loan and deposit rates are set by the central bank. Based on the empirical results, the present paper provides alternative strategies to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in China, including developing the financial system and solidifying microeconomic fundamentals instead of forcing the adaptation of a more flexible exchange rate regime.     

The dynamic unsubstitutability of sterilization operations and neutral-intervention operations under dual exchange rates

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether neutral-intervention operations are a substitute for sterilization operations under the dual-exchange regime from the viewpoint of dynamic adjustment. It is found that both operations will generate quite different behavior throughout the adjustment process, although they are substitutable from the viewpoint of insulating money supply from the status of the current account. In addition, we also found that if the monetary authorities either intervene in the financial foreign exchange market or undertake sterilization operations in the open market, the dual-exchange regime will lose its insulation function to external financial disturbances.     

医疗器械灭菌方法、灭菌工艺验证及无菌检查

文章阐述了湿热灭菌、干热灭菌、环氧乙烷灭菌、辐射灭菌、低温等离子体灭菌等5种医疗器械灭菌方法,并介绍了灭菌工艺验证和无菌检查方面的内容。     

Managing the Monetary Consequences of Reserve Accumulation in Emerging Asia

Abstract

The huge increase in international reserve holdings by Asian countries since the 1997 crisis has been one of the most important recent developments on the international financial scene. These buildups have contributed substantially to concerns about the creation of excessive global liquidity. How justified these concerns are depends heavily on the extent to which the reserve accumulating countries have been able to sterilize the effects on their domestic monetary aggregates. We use a unified theoretical framework to undertake dynamic estimations of the magnitude of sterilization and offset coefficients (which measure the degree of capital mobility) for a large set of Asian economies. We find that despite substantial capital mobility there has been a high degree of effective sterilization to date.     

利用预测微生物学延长低温肉制品的货架期

文章在分析低温肉制品特点及腐败变质原因的基础上,介绍了防止低温肉制品腐败变质,延长货架期的措施。同时,文章强调多种措施综合应用,以让低温肉制品保鲜取得最佳效果。研究食品腐败过程中微生物变化规律及影响因素,对于建立有效的贮藏保鲜机制及研制与开发新型防腐保鲜剂具有重要的理论意叉和参考价值。微生物源防腐保鲜剂是天然防腐保鲜剂的重要成员,加快微生物学研究将为食品的防腐保鲜领域注入生机与活力。     

罐头食品杀菌技术研究现状

在食品加工的过程中,杀菌技术有效地使罐头食品安全得到保障,在一定程度上让细菌、霉菌等微生物对其的损伤降低。本文分析了各类杀菌技术对本国罐头食品领域产生的作用,一定程度上改进了罐头食品的质量和营养,展示了现代高效灭菌技术在罐头食品领域中的良好前景。     

热力杀菌移动实验室管理规范

本文介绍热力杀菌移动实验室管理如何从规范标准体系、建立标准方法、建立相关操作准入门槛、建立可追溯体系以及热力杀菌检测报告编写和监督审核的要求5个方面进行规范,并对热力杀菌实验室准入提出一些建议。     

Reassessing the Costs and Benefits of Imposing Capital Controls: The Case of Chile (1991–98)

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to highlight some of the less-mentioned costs and benefits of imposing capital controls (in particular, on inflows) in lower income countries (LICs). The impact of controls on the effectiveness of conventional policy tools, as well as the limitations of the latter, are studied in the context of Chile's imposition of unremunerated reserve requirements (URRs) in the early 1990s. Then, using better data and a slightly different specification from earlier studies, an error-correction model for Chile's real exchange rate (RER) is set up with a view to assessing controls' impact thereon. The key finding, contrary to earlier studies, is that controls did depreciate the real exchange rate in the short-run. At the same time, an enhanced controls variable (“the effective” tax implied by the reserve requirement, a la Gallego et al., 1999) was seen to possess an inverse relationship with the equilibrium real exchange rate, suggesting the possibility of controls having facilitated an equilibrium RER appreciation in the long-run.

RESUMEN. El propósito de este documento es esclarecer en cierta medida algunos de los costos beneficios mencionados con menor frecuencia, resultantes de la imposición de controles de capital (especialmente sobre los flujos de entrada de capital) en países con menor renta (LICs–lower income countries). El impacto de los controles sobre la efectividad de las herramientas inherentes a las políticas convencionales, así como la limitación de los últimos han sido estudiados en el contexto de la imposición chilena sobre las exigencias establecidas para las reservas no remuneradas (URRs) a comienzo de los años 1990s. En ese entonces, utilizando una fuente de datos más apropiada y especificaciones levemente distintas a las usadas en estudios anteriores, elaboramos un modelo de error-corrección para la tasa real cambiaria chilena (RER–real exchange rate), con el objeto de evaluar el impacto ejercido por los controles. El descubrimiento clave, contrariamente a lo encontrado en los estudios anteriores, muestra una variable de control mejorada (el impuesto “efectivo” inherente a las exigencias de la reserva, a la Gallego et al., 1999), que se observó tenía una relación con el equilibrio de la tasa cambiaria real, sugiriendo por ende que, a largo plazo, existía la posibilidad de que los controles facilitasen una apreciación RER equilibrada.

RESUMO. Este estudo pretende destacar alguns dos custos e benefícios, pouco divulgados, sobre o controle da imposição de capital (particularmente, das entradas) nos países de baixa renda (LICs). O impacto do controle na eficácia dos instrumentos políticos convencionais bem como as limitações destes instrumentos são estudados no contexto da imposição do Chile dos depósitos compulsórios não remunerados (URRs), no início dos anos 90. Então, utilizando dados melhores e uma especificação um pouco diferente de estudos anteriores, um modelo de correção de erros para a taxa de câmbio real do Chile (RER) é estipulada, visando uma avaliação do impacto do controle, a partir deste momento. A descoberta principal, contrária aos primeiros estudos, é que o controle, definitivamente, deprecia a taxa de câmbio real a curto prazo. Ao mesmo tempo, uma variável de controle aumentada (um imposto “efetivo” implícito no depósito compulsório, conforme Gallego et al., 1999) parece conter uma relação contrária à taxa de câmbio real de equilíbrio, sugerindo a pos-sibilidade de que o controle tenha facilitado uma estimativa do equilíbrio da RER a longo prazo.     

央行冲销政策可持续性分析

新世纪以来,中国人民银行面对人民币升值和国内通货膨胀的压力,采取了以央行票据为主要手段的冲销政策。持续的央行票据发行,在部分实现政策目标的同时,也产生了高昂的成本,并可能威胁到其他货币政策目标的实现。在中美货币政策差异以及人民币汇率变动的情况下,随着央行票据发行规模和存量不断增加,央行票据冲销成本越来越高,2008年之后发行的央行票据已经接近或超过了可持续的界限。调整央行票据的期限结构,适度增加3年期以上的票据发行比重,积极培育多元化的冲销工具体系是摆脱对央行票据依赖的根本出路。     

Managing Capital Inflows Indirectly? On the Determinants of Monetary Sterilization with Reference to East Asia

This paper derives a time‐varying sterilization coefficient to examine those factors that determine the extent to which central banks might engage in monetary sterilization. There appear to be good reasons to do so: Sterilization neutralizes the monetary impact of reserve accumulation, which is an endogenous consequence of sustained capital inflows under some degree of management of exchange rates. A pooled sample of Asian economies incorporating Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, for 1994–2012 is employed. We find that this method does help to directly uncover the determinants of sterilization, and while capital inflows do not appear to influence the sterilization directly, there is substantial evidence to suggest it does so indirectly—particularly through domestic interest rates.