On measuring the wealth of nations: the US economy, 1964-2001

This paper examines the methodology of Shaikh and Tonak (Measuringthe Wealth of Nations, 1994) underlying their calculation ofestimates of productive labour in the US economy from 1964 to2001. The focus is not on the results but on the methods thatgenerate them. The paper finds that the compromises made byShaikh and Tonak because of data unavailability are unreliable,and that better approximations are possible. On this latterbasis, the Shaikh and Tonak methodology can be used to providethe labour and wage estimates needed for empirical investigationsin the surplus-based tradition.     

Strategies to prevent economic recessions from causing business failure

An average of more than 500,000 businesses failed in the United States during each of the 10 recessions that have occurred since the end of World War II. Yet, scholar and practitioner understanding of how to prepare for and respond to the challenges of an economic downturn remains extremely limited. This article analyzes and synthesizes the information from academic theory and business experience on managing through an economic recession. To assist firms in successfully navigating economic recessions, we suggest a program that involves positioning by investing in multiple markets and geographies, planning by developing a turnaround plan for facing sharply declining sales, promoting by maintaining marketing initiatives, and preparing by acting in anticipation of economic recovery.     

Entrepreneurs in the making: Six decisions for fostering entrepreneurship through maker spaces

Maker spaces—shared production facilities offering access to basic and advanced manufacturing technologies—have quickly become the latest must-have for universities, large corporations, and communities looking to foster entrepreneurship and innovation. While the entrepreneurial and educational prospects of maker spaces are certainly intriguing, questions remain concerning their design and effectiveness. Drawing primarily on case evidence and conversations with five maker spaces located across the U.S., we identify and present six key decisions for maker space leaders looking to foster entrepreneurship in their organizations. We conclude with a decision framework for maker space leaders and a series of questions for entrepreneurs as both groups work to pursue entrepreneurship through and in maker spaces.     

浅析绵阳生态城市建设

This paper probes into the establishment of ecological city of Mianyang and directive thoughts, measures,and countermoves are put forward based on analyzing the current situation about ecological environment of Mianyang City.     

高技术产品、出口贸易和经济增长：来自吉林省域经济的经验证据

依据1978~2009年吉林省出口贸易和经济增长数据,考察吉林省出口贸易发展基本趋势并对比评价吉林省出口贸易省域竞争力。回归分析评价吉林省高技术产品出口与出口贸易关联性,发现高新技术产品对出口贸易增长作用明显。利用HP滤波分解出吉林省出口贸易和经济增长三类成分的作用关系检验,结果发现,滞后期的出口贸易与国内生产总值的三类成分Granger因果关系显著,表明出口贸易可以通过经济体内要素耦合作用而作用于经济增长。而同期仅水平序列的出口贸易与国内生产总值有明显的相关性,表明出口贸易对经济增长拉动作用明显但二者同步性有限。     

“双二元短缺约束”下中国经济的阶段性特征

2005年以后,中国结束了长达50多年的短缺经济,进入产能过剩与资源约束为主的新短缺经济阶段,主要体现为＂生产资料与生活资料生产能力双过剩＂和＂资源性生产要素与基础设施、公共服务供给双短缺＂并存。1978年改革开放以后,中国经济经历了一个从短缺经济——后短缺经济——新短缺经济的演化过程。第一,1978-1996年,短缺经济阶段,主要表现为生产资料和生活资料的双短缺;第二,1996-2005年,后短缺阶段,主要表现为生活资料基本过剩,而生产资料存在短缺和不足;第三,2005年以后,新短缺经济阶段,主要表现为生产资料和生活资料的＂双过剩＂,资源约束与市场约束＂双约束＂逐渐成为我国经济发展的主要制约性因素。     

从资源枯竭之忧到资源再生之虑：碳排放研究述评

人们对资源的忧虑,经历了一个转变过程。由可耗竭资源的有限储量所带来的紧迫感趋淡。由生态承载力的衰减所引发的负面后果日益明显。从二氧化碳排放所引出的气候变化问题,是自然生态系统容纳和消除污染排放物的能力已然不足的一个反映。通过对贯穿上述认识转变过程的经济学研究文献的梳理可知,国外在此方向上的主要分析工具是气候变化综合评估模型。该类模型的优点是把经济系统与自然生态系统集成在一起,使得对碳排放的预测具有微观基础,但也因模型复杂而处理难度较高。它的一个应用是：碳减排力度是应立即强力推进。还是可渐进强化,研究文献中围绕这一问题的争论就是以气候变化综合评估模型为基础而展开的。     

广西文化产业与其他产业融合发展研究——以数字内容产业为例

文化产业和新一代信息技术产业融合发展的结晶——数字内容产业,已成为当前全球最快速发展的新兴产业之一。数字内容产业关键环节在于产业链的制作层和发布层,聚焦这两个环节,根据广西的有利条件与不利因素,发展的对策在于：挖掘文化内容,创新产品形式;加强资源融合,提升制作实力;建立发布平台,抢夺产业制高点。     

中部地区实现GDP与城乡居民收入同步增长的制约因素研究——以湖南省为例

我国幅员辽阔,区域经济发展水平参差不齐,想要协调各地区居民收入与经济同步增长的实现程度,统筹全国区域经济的发展,就有必要提倡优先带动落后,找出落后地区的短板,汲取领先地区的经验,最终共同实现同步目标。选取湖南省作为中部地区的代表,上海市、广东省作为东部地区的代表,对三地区2003年至2012年GDP与居民收入同步增长演进特征及制约因素进行比较分析,目的在于以东部地区的发展经验为参照,探究中部地区（以湖南省为代表）实现同步目标的制约因素,并针对具体情况提出相应的政策建议。