Price levels and price dispersion within and across multiple retailer types: Further evidence and extension

In this article, the authors develop hypotheses on how prices and price dispersion compare among pure-play Internet, bricks-and-mortar (traditional), and bricks-and-clicks (multichannel) retailers and test them through an empirical analysis of data on the book and compact disc categories in Italy during 2002. Their results, based on an analysis of 13,720 prkce quotes, show that when posted prices are considered, traditional retailers have the highest prices, followed by multichannel retailers, and pure-play e-tailers, in that order. However, when shipping costs are included, multichannel retailers have the highest prices, followed by pure-play e-tailers and traditional retailers, in that order. With regard to price dispersion, pure-play e-tailers have the highest range of prices, but the lowest standard deviation. Multichannel retailers have the highest standard deviation in prices with or without shipping costs. These findings suggest that online markets offer opportunities for retailers to differentiate within and across the retailer types. SDA Bocconi Graduate School of Management Fabio Ancarani (fabio.ancarani@sdabocconi.it) is an assistant professor of marketing at SDA Bocconi University’s School of Management, Milan, Italy. He has been a visiting scholar at the Robert H. Smith School of Business, University of Maryland at College Park. His teaching and research interests are related to marketing strategies in the digital economy. His research has been published in journals such as the theJournal of Interactive Marketing and theEuropean Management Journal. Venkatesh Shankar (vshankar@rhsmith.umd.edu) is a Ralph J. Tyser Fellow and an associate professor of marketing in the Robert H. Smith School of Business at the University of Maryland at College Park. His areas of reseach are e-business, competitive strategy, international marketing, pricing, new product management, and supply chain management. His research has been published or is forthcoming in theJournal of Marketing Research, Marketing Science, theJournal of Marketing, Strategic Management Journal, theJournal of Retailing, theInternational Journal of Research in Marketing, theJournal of Public Policy and Marketing, andMarketing Letters. He is co-editor of theJournal of Interactive Marketing; associate editor ofManagement Science; and serves on the editorial boards ofMarketing Science, theJournal of Marketing, theInternational Journal of Research in Marketing, theJournal of Retailing, and theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science. He is a three-time winner of the Krowe Award for Outstanding Teaching and teaches Marketing Management, Digital Business Strategy, Competitive Marketing Strategy, and International Marketing (http://www.venkyshankar.com).  

数字经济下的版权改革与合理使用——以澳大利亚版权改革为例

数字技术和网络技术的发展,使版权法面临极大的挑战,版权法从保护作者权逐步向平衡使用者、社会和国家利益转变.本文从澳大利亚现行版权法改革切入,阐明版权权利限制在版权改革中的重要地位和复杂性;并结合我国版权法新修改,建议增加版权合理使用概括性规定.  

中国数字化程度测度与指标体系构建

数字经济、数字化在中国经济社会生活中扮演着愈发重要的角色。选取2015年和2017年数字化相关数据作为研究样本，通过生产数字化、消费数字化、流通数字化和政府数字化4个维度和23个二级指标，可以构建更为全面的数字化程度测度指标体系。利用主成分分析法和专家打分法对指标数据进行测算，对中国省级数字化水平以及分项指标的变化趋势进行比较评估。研究结果显示，中国数字化的发展增速明显，在消费数字化、流通数字化和政府数字化方面发展良好，在生产数字化方面有待提高，同时，各个区域和各分项指标存在发展不平衡的现象。  

数字经济的独特机制、理论挑战与发展启示——基于生产要素秩序演进和生产力进步的探讨

随着人类社会的进步，数字技术的发展和应用使数据成为新的生产要素，数字化改造机制和平台机制的建立和完善进一步促使数据成为关键生产要素。生产力要素秩序的演进使数字生产力成为当代先进生产力并带来生产方式（经济发展模式）的改进，进而产生新的经济形态——数字经济。数字化改造机制和平台机制是数字经济运行的基础，由此产生的加速机制和普惠机制则是数字经济的优势所在；在这些独特机制的作用下，数字经济表现出共享即时性、无限指数性、跨界均衡性、多样精准性等与传统经济不同的特性，〖JP2〗在提升社会生产力水平，加速经济增长和财富积累的同时，也给传统经济理论带来冲击和挑战。作为社会主义国家，中国不但要利用数字化改造机制和平台机制强化数字经济的加速机制以及无限指数性和多样精准性，抢占数字经济发展的先机，实现跨越式发展，满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要；还应充分利用数字经济的普惠机制及共享即时性和跨界均衡性，加强顶层设计，建立共享平台，实现包容性增长和协调发展，走向共同富裕。  

数字经济对增值税税收遵从的挑战与应对——欧盟增值税改革的最新进展及启示

数字经济带来的消费和商业模式变化，增加了跨境贸易增值税的税收遵从负担，并扩大了纳税人不遵从的空间。面对数字经济给增值税税收遵从带来的诸多挑战，欧盟持续展开税改行动，试图建立一个针对单一市场的更简单、健全、有效的增值税体系：通过提供增值税一站式服务、建立增值税反向征税机制、实施小企业特别计划、推行电子发票、加强信息合作与协税义务等具体措施，进一步简化和统一征税程序，降低合规成本和行政壁垒，增强信息共享和行政合作，提升整体税收遵从度，进而促进增值税体系实现顺应数字经济的现代化升级。借鉴欧盟的增值税改革思路，中国应建立健全针对跨境数字服务的增值税制度，进一步优化增值税税制，全面降低税收遵从负担和合规成本，加快信息共享机制和系统建设，并积极提高纳税主体的自愿遵从度。