中国国内服务贸易规则体系完善的建议

随着互联网、大数据的发展,国际服务贸易在全球价值链中的地位日益提升,与货物贸易一并构成两大贸易支柱。GATS作为第一部世界服务贸易框架性规则,对服务贸易的发展和顺畅运行做出了巨大贡献,但是其保护程度和开放程度已逐渐难以适应当前服务贸易的发展。多哈回合的停滞不前导致CPTPP等大型自由贸易协定相继产生,使得国际服务贸易规则有了进一步发展。中国服务贸易规则体系是中国调整国际服务贸易关系的法律集合,作为国际贸易法的国内渊源,中国国内服务贸易规则对于适应服务贸易发展现状和衔接国际服务贸易规则有着重要作用,本文即是通过分析国内服务贸易规则的现状及不足,并在借鉴CPTPP的基础上,提出建议。     

Impacts of trade liberalization in Canada's supply managed dairy industry

Trade is an integral part of the Canadian economy. The main institutional drivers governing trade are bilateral and multilateral agreements outlining permissible trade distorting measures. Since its inception in 1972, Canada's supply management system has remained protected throughout trade negotiations. The system appears, by any economic measure, to be having an increasingly disproportional influence in recent trade negotiations. However, trade agreements serve not only to maximize social surplus, but also to maximize some measure of political welfare. Canada has recently negotiated three prominent trade agreements: the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) came into effect in the latter part of 2017; the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) came into effect at the end of 2018; and the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) could come into effect in 2020. Collectively, these agreements have guaranteed increased market access for fresh and processed dairy products. We build a spatial partial equilibrium model of the Canadian dairy industry consisting of three regions and 10 commodities to assess the individual and cumulative effect of these trade agreements. We pay particular attention to the institutional drivers within today's dairy sector: milk protein isolates; component pricing, including Class 7; and differential demand growth. We find that the aggregate impacts are: (a) a 1.4% decrease in the marginal retail price; (b) a 4.8% decrease in the blended producer price; and (c) an overall increase in social welfare of 7.8%. Worth noting, the decrease in producer surplus varies from 0.7% in the western region to 1.5% in Ontario. Our results may be relevant to future negotiations as well as the publicly promised compensation package for dairy producers.     

Did mega-regional trade agreements reshuffle the financial influence of the US,China, and Japan in ASEAN? Evidence from the volatility-spillover effects

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the succeeding Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) were widely viewed as trade agreements aiming at containing the influence of China and raising that of the US and Japan in Asia. This study utilizes the outward volatility-spillover effect of the equity market as a proxy for a country’s financial influence and analyzes whether the signing of the TPP and CPTPP reshuffled the financial influence of the US, China, and Japan in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The study finds that the TPP and CPTPP did boost the financial influence of the US and Japan in some ASEAN countries; however, there is no evidence that they have reduced the financial influence of China in ASEAN.     

《中欧全面投资协定》与CPTPP环境保护条款的比较及启示

《中欧全面投资协定》(CAI)和《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(CPTPP)都含有较高标准的环境保护条款。本文结合CAI与CPTPP环境规则文本,综合比较二者的指导理念、合作机制以及争端解决机制等内容。在分析环境保护条款影响因素的基础上,为我国在CPTPP以及未来经贸谈判中的环境保护条款构建、合作机制完善以及实施机制优化等提出可能的解决途径。     

President Biden's international trade agenda: Implications for the Canadian agrifood sector

The 4 years of the Trump administration was marked by a number of events and policies that affected the Canadian agrifood sector. Changes to preferential trade agreements, the collapse of the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement framework, increased domestic support for US farmers, and diplomatic tensions between the United States and China all shaped international trade flows and created an environment of policy uncertainty. The Biden administration will change course on several important trade policy issues. We discuss how these changes could affect the Canadian agrifood sector along a number of dimensions, including a return to multilateralism, (re)engagement in preferential trade agreements, and movements toward a less combative and more predictable trade policy agenda. We expect Canadian agrifood trade flows under the Biden administration to exceed what they would have been under a second Trump administration.     

拜登政府准备重返亚太吗?

拜登就任美国总统后,需要对特朗普时期的美国战略进行调整,重建亚太合作关系是其中的重要选项。为此,拜登政府应重新考虑修改并加入CPTPP,加强与盟国的国际经贸合作,并使应对气候变化政策成为拜登政府自贸协定的一个重要标志。     

“构建人类命运共同体”理念下的《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》

"构建人类命运共同体"理念要求亚太经济伙伴关系建设必须以人民为中心,追求人类长远共同利益,坚持平等互利,开放共赢。不同于TPP搁置条款体现的资本本位主义,RCEP的制度设计全面贯彻了互联互通的共商理念、权责共担的共建理念、互利共赢的共享理念,以民生幸福为国际合作的最终目标,是"构建人类命运共同体"理念的伟大实践。面对RCEP的未来挑战,中国应尽快推进其规则的实施,完善国内法,尽早加入CPTPP,促进RCEP、CPTPP与其他经济体之间的对话沟通,巩固并弘扬多边主义,从而推动构建人类命运共同体。     

CPTPP国有企业规则与深化国有企业改革

《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（CPTPP）延续了《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（TPP）将国有企业议题单独成章的做法，并设置了较私营企业更严格的条款：重新定义国有企业以增强规制的针对性（重点针对中央一级政府所有或控制的、从事商业活动的大型国有企业），扩张非歧视原则（不仅包含最惠国待遇，还包含国民待遇）以强化国有企业的义务，将商业考虑原则作为国有企业的一项独立义务，扩大国有企业补贴规则的适用范围、明确国有企业作为补贴主体的适格性，设定更全面更高标准的国有企业透明度义务。CPTPP国有企业规则及其背后的竞争中立原则与国有企业改革具有目标一致性，但由于过去的国有企业改革较少考虑国际市场的制约因素，国内规则与国际规则未能实现良好衔接，申请加入CPTPP则为深化国有企业改革和加快制度型开放提供了双重契机。应优化国有企业分类改革，减少政府对商业类国有企业的干预，清理不合理的补贴政策，促进国内规则与国际规制接轨；同时，还应积极参与国际经贸谈判，为国有企业改革和转型争取更多的空间和时间，并推动国际经贸规则朝更加公平的方向发展。