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Air transport deregulation has lead to an increase of air traffic, together with a reduction of air fares. Air fare reduction has narrowed operational margins of airlines, bringing financial and employment instability. This has brought airlines to pay increasing attention to flying costs reduction. Two important components of flying costs airlines can try to cut modifying the planned flight are en route charges and operational costs. We rely on Demand Data Repository (DDR2) data to calculate deviations from planned flight trajectories to analyse the extent to what airlines try to cut operational costs making shorter flights than planned if possible, and cut en route charges providing a planned flight with lower en route charges than the planned flight. Our findings show that there is no generalised strategy among airlines to reduce en-route charges asking for deviations of the planned route. On the other hand, airlines are achieving savings of operational costs regularly. Higher savings per nautical mile are obtained in night flights, with longer planned distance and operated by low cost carriers. 相似文献
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Melek Akın Ateş Erik M. van Raaij Finn Wynstra 《Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management》2018,24(1):68-82
The organizational design literature strongly supports the notion of “structure follows strategy”, and suggests that a misfit between the two has a negative effect on performance. Building on this line of argument, we examine to what extent the (mis)fit between purchasing strategy and purchasing structure impacts purchasing performance. We focus on cost and innovation purchase category strategies, and examine how the deviation from an ideal purchasing structure defined along three dimensions (centralization, formalization, and cross-functionality) impacts purchasing performance. Analysing data collected from 469 firms in ten countries, we demonstrate that a strategy-structure misfit negatively impacts purchasing performance in both cost and innovation strategies. We also find that purchasing proficiency is a mediator in this relationship between misfit and performance. Our findings aid managerial decision making by empirically validating the necessity of having the right purchasing structure for successfully executing different purchasing strategies. 相似文献
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Jian Zhou ;Yaodong Yu ;Mengting Zhai ;Feigu Zhou 《Frontiers of Business Research in China》2014,(3):299-326
The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between the characteristics of the board of directors and strategic change of a firm in the Chinese context. In this study, strategic change is defined as strategic deviation relative to industry norms and strategic variation relative to historical experiences. The size, independence and leadership structure of the board of directors are defined as the board characteristics. We then propose hypotheses on the effects of board characteristics on a firm's strategic change. This study takes strategic resource allocation profile as measure to calculate strategic deviation and strategic variation, and then empirically tests and verifies the hypotheses using data from Chinese publicly listed companies in the information technology industry from the year 2006 to 2010. We find that the size, independence and leadership structure of the board of directors significantly affect both strategic deviation and strategic variation. Therefore, we conclude that board characteristic affects a firm's strategic change. The conclusion of the study indicates that moderate reductions in the size of the board, increasing the proportion of independent directors and separating the roles of chairman and chief executive officer can facilitate promoting the process of strategic change for a firm in a dynamic environment. Through this study we re-examine the role and significance of the board of directors in strategic decision-making for a firm, and provide useful suggestions on how to form a board that can meet the needs for strategic change for a firm in a dynamic business environment. 相似文献
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We consider the problem of constructing a perturbed portfolio by utilizing a benchmark portfolio. We propose two computationally efficient portfolio optimization models, the mean-absolute deviation risk and the Dantzig-type, which can be solved using linear programing. These portfolio models push the existing benchmark toward the efficient frontier through sparse and stable asset selection. We implement these models on two benchmarks, a market index and the equally-weighted portfolio. We carry out an extensive out-of-sample analysis with 11 empirical datasets and simulated data. The proposed portfolios outperform the benchmark portfolio in various performance measures, including the mean return and Sharpe ratio. 相似文献
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基于红外图像的林火识别方法及实现 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
森林火灾是一种突发性强、破坏性大且处置救助较为困难的自然灾害,会对森林、森林生态系统和人类带来一定危害和损失。早期的林火判别多基于温度、烟雾以及24小时图像监测实现,主观性强,标准单一,且误报率高。如何快速发现林火目标并及时报警扑灭,已经成为国内外学者研究的热点之一。文章基于红外热像仪,对大量森林背景及模拟林火状态进行了图像和温度数据的采集,首次提出了基于温度标准差方法进行热源识别的概念,得出了不同地点、不同时间段森林背景的温度标准差分布,以及明火温度在各阶段的波动范围,为林火的预防和监测提供了重要依据。同时,通过对干扰源进入前后的红外图像进行预处理和分析,对比目标热源的像素面积变化率及其圆形度,即可准确实现部分干扰热源的排除。实验结果证明,将此基于红外图像的热源初判原则与干扰源排除的规律应用于林火监测,方法简单有效,准确率高,对降低森林火灾的发生率,提高社会经济效益有着重要的作用。 相似文献
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《Economic Systems》2015,39(2):269-287
An Asian Currency Unit (ACU) index is constructed using an alternative procedure which minimizes a basket or portfolio of assets expressed in terms of national currencies. Using this estimated ACU index and an ACU deviation indicator, the main finding of this study based on the current trajectory of East Asian currencies relative to this regional ACU benchmark is that there is a formation of two contrasting groups of countries in the region—one group of strong currencies and one group of weak currencies. We emphasize that this contrasting trajectory in East Asian intra-regional exchange rates implies disturbed competitive trading relationships in the region, which may result in wasteful beggar-thy-neighbor policies. As emphasized in other recent studies (e.g., Kawai and Takagi, 2012), the region needs a framework for exchange rate policy coordination that will promote intra-regional exchange rate stability. We suggest two important ways in which the region can capitalize on using an ACU index for surveillance purposes in the immediate term. One way is to assess “over- and undervaluation” of individual currencies from the regional ACU average. The other is to use it as a monitoring device for excessive flows of international capital within the region. 相似文献
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[目的]随着新型城镇化的发展、农业产业的转型升级,农村劳动力的转移已成为中国社会经济可持续发展的重大现实问题。四川丘陵地区农业资源匮乏、农村劳动力年龄偏大、农民文化水平较低,农村剩余劳动力的转移成为中国农村劳动力转移中的难点和关键点。[方法]文章以丘陵低山区遂宁市为例,从农业产业结构、农村劳动力就业以及产业结构调整对农村劳动力就业结构的影响进行分析。[结果]研究结果表明,遂宁市大部分地区很难通过推进农业的现代化解放出大量的农业劳动力,且外出人口众多;第二产业在增加遂宁市农村劳动力就业的过程中发挥着主导作用,但同时也有向外转移农村劳动力的需求;第三产业未来吸纳农村劳动力就业的潜力较大。[结论]因此,必须采取有效措施,改造第一产业结构,挖掘劳动力就业潜力;优化第二产业结构,创造更多就业岗位;推进第三产业发展,扩展劳动力吸纳空间,实现三产互动和增加就业的双重目标。 相似文献
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本文充分考虑劳动异质性,利用产业人力资本结构,重新核算三次产业结构偏离度,发现第一产业和第三产业结构偏离程度均被高估,第二产业结构偏离被低估,进而指出“民工荒”、大学生就业难等现象产生的原因是第一产业可转出人力资本减少,第二产业需求旺盛,而第三产业由于发展不足陷入低水平均衡状态。最后通过系统的影响因素分析发现,解决我国结构偏离和就业问题的重点在于优化需求结构、合理规划产业发展路径以及全面推进城镇化和市场化进程,关键更在于释放农村消费市场巨大潜力和全面加快第三产业发展。 相似文献