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1.
《算学启蒙》中有关香料方面的算题,涉及元代市舶司的“双抽”和“单抽”、纸钞与铜银钱并用,以及各种香料的价格等问题。诚然,这些问题的解决,确实需要综合多种史籍来参互求证,但毋庸置疑的是《算学启蒙》起到了为其他史籍所无法取代的独特价值和作用。实际上,元代大德年间所发生的许多经济现象,都或多或少在《算学启蒙》一书中有所体现。随着学界对中国古代算书之史学价值的认识愈来愈明确,经济数学、数学社会学等新的交叉学科应运而生,我们不能仅仅囿于从纯数学的角度去解读《算学启蒙》,因为《算学启蒙》本身具有更重要的经济史和社会史的研究价值和意义。 相似文献
2.
Using a dynamic national computable general equilibrium model, we investigate the impact of carbon tax and energy efficiency improvement on the economy and environment of China. The Chinese social account matrix is presented based upon the latest input–output table (2012 IO table) and other data. The business as usual (BAU) scenario is designed according to several forecasts about China by 2030, followed by six policy scenarios, including different levels of carbon tax and technological progress as well as their combinations. The results show that carbon tax will frustrate the overall economic growth slightly. The CO2 emission will be 13.81% lower in 2030 compared to BAU case if the carbon tax scheme is carried out at a rate of 200 RMB/ton of CO2. Technological progress will stimulate the economic growth, enrich the household and government income, increase total investment and make most sectors prosperous with the exception of energy industries. 相似文献
3.
Over the last two decades there have been significant and well‐documented changes in the nature and structure of New Zealand dairy production. One particular feature has been a marked shift in the ‘input intensity’ of dairy farming systems through increased use of supplementary feed. These changes have generated debate about the impact of dairy farm intensity on the performance of farm businesses and the competitiveness of the New Zealand dairy sector. Using a novel econometric approach, we assess statistically the impact of three types of dairy farming systems on milk production and financial performance, using farm business data provided by DairyBase®. Our empirical results show that higher input systems perform significantly better physically than lower input systems, but not financially. The disaggregated analysis suggests that the average treatment effects differ by region and performance quantiles. 相似文献
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In this article, we account for the first time for long memory, regime switching and the conditional time-varying volatility of volatility (heteroscedasticity) to model and forecast market volatility using the heterogeneous autoregressive model of realized volatility (HAR-RV) and its extensions. We present several interesting and notable findings. First, existing models exhibit significant nonlinearity and clustering, which provide empirical evidence on the benefit of introducing regime switching and heteroscedasticity. Second, out-of-sample results indicate that combining regime switching and heteroscedasticity can substantially improve predictive power from a statistical viewpoint. More specifically, our proposed models generally exhibit higher forecasting accuracy. Third, these results are widely consistent across a variety of robustness tests such as different forecasting windows, forecasting models, realized measures, and stock markets. Consequently, this study sheds new light on forecasting future volatility. 相似文献
6.
[目的]分析苹果种植户经济效益的影响因素,研究适合苹果种植的农地规模,提高白水县果农苹果种植的经济效益,探索苹果产业可持续发展经营模式,丰富以果蔬为主的集约型经济作物适度规模经营研究范围。[方法]采用实地调研法,对陕西省白水县230户苹果种植户进行问卷调查,从收益最大化角度,运用柯布道格拉斯生产函数对苹果生产的投入产出进行经济分析,构建收益最大化模型,测算白水县苹果种植的最适规模,分析苹果产量的影响因素,探讨劳动力投入、资本投入、有效面积和果农参加技术培训对苹果产出的影响和贡献程度,并用钱克明等对农地的适度经营规模定义进行结果验证,最后提出合理的政策建议。[结果]经过分析,在同等技术条件下,劳动力投入、资本投入、有效种植面积、果农参加技术培训的次数对苹果的产出具有显著影响。以农户收益最大化模型测算的劳均经营规模面积在0363~0447hm2(544~670亩)的可视为适度规模,根据钱克明等的适度经营规模目标值的计算,其函数解为550,在适度规模范围之内。即户均农地适度经营规模0751~0966hm2(1127~1449亩)。目前白水县苹果生产处于规模报酬递减阶段,农资市场环境和劳动力投入方面仍然存在短板。[结论]建议扩大白水县户均苹果种植面积,提升土地经营效益,从而增加果农收入,支持农业新型经营主体发展,创新发展模式; 建立新型职业农民培育体系,促进苹果种植户剩余劳动力转移,提高农民非农收入; 从法律上规范农村地区农资市场环境; 规范农户绿色生产经营行为,提高化肥的使用效率和开发新的高效肥料; 政府引导农地的适度规模集中,整合资源进行规模化、现代化的经营。 相似文献
7.
In state owned enterprises (SOEs), taxes are a dividend to the controlling shareholder, the state, but a cost to other shareholders. We examine publicly traded firms in China and find significantly lower tax avoidance by SOEs relative to non-SOEs. The differences are pronounced for locally versus centrally-owned SOEs and during the year of SOE term performance evaluations. We link our results to managerial incentives through promotion tests, finding that higher SOE tax rates are associated with higher promotion frequencies of SOE managers. Our results suggest managerial incentives and tax reporting are conditional on the ownership structure of the firm. 相似文献
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[目的]随着市县经济社会发展总体规划的改革创新,越发强调主体功能区制度的完善、强化政府空间管控的能力。空间开发适宜性是合理划分国土空间、优化开发布局的重要基础。[方法]研究通过选取了地形地势、交通干线、人口聚集度、经济发展4项适宜性指标和自然灾害影响、可利用土地资源、可利用水资源、生态系统脆弱性4项约束性指标,建立空间开发适宜性评价指标体系,分别从格网与行政区两种视角出发,开展蒲江县级空间开发适宜性评价,采用点对点匹配度分析对两种评价结果进行综合对比分析。[结果]从总体看,蒲江县最适宜区域占比约为4%,较适宜区域占比约为14%,较不适宜区域占比约为15%,最不适宜区域占比约为67%。行政区视角下,各类开发适宜性等级区域差异明显,但街道、乡(镇)行政区内部具有均质性。具体来说,各类开发适宜性等级区有按行政区集聚的趋势,并且其集聚趋势与多指标评价结果关系密切。空间视角下,各类开发适宜性等级跨行政区,街道、乡(镇)行政区内部具有异质性。一方面,各类开发适宜性等级不受行政区影响,局部精准性更高。另一方面,形成跨行政区的开发时序判读,并且这种开发时序多呈现“中心—外围”结构,便于具体指导区域分步开发。[结论]格网尺度可以更精细地反映县级开发适宜性和开发约束性在空间上的差异化分布,提高城镇、农业、生态3类空间范围划定精准性,为合理确定资源开发强度、促进国土空间科学适度有序布局提供技术保障。 相似文献
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There is growing concern that farmland transfers lead to less agricultural investment, which may adversely affect agricultural productivity growth in China. Prior research has primarily focused on the differences between owned cultivated land and rented plots, but little is known about how farmland transfers between relatives, which are popular in rural China, specifically affect agricultural investment. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework of transaction cost economics to compare different contracting strategies in China's farmland rental markets. As farmland rental markets in China are immature, land transfer between relatives establishes bilateral governance, which has the advantage of addressing the opportunistic activities of both parties and can ultimately increase investment by tenants. Based on data from two waves of household surveys, we empirically examine the impact of bilateral governance on the application of organic fertilizer, an indicator for agricultural investment. Our findings show that apart from economic factors, kinship is important to the functioning of farmland rental markets in rural areas. 相似文献