城市化进程中的乡村衰落现象：成因及治理——“乡村振兴战略”实施视角的分析

党的十九大报告提出了“实施乡村振兴战略”。乡村振兴是“中国梦”不可或缺的组成部分，城市化进程中的乡村衰落现象不容忽视，乡村问题的解决关系到乡村振兴战略能否实现和现代乡村能否建成。为此，剖析了我国乡村衰落的成因，探索了乡村振兴战略落实的办法，提出了现代乡村建设的可能路径。     

河南省传统村落空间分布特征及影响因素研究

[目的]分析河南省传统村落的空间分布特征及其影响因素,以期为中原地区传统村落的建设发展提供指导。[方法]文章通过谷歌地理信息系统及Arc GIS10. 2软件对河南省124个国家级传统村落的空间分布类型、分布格局、分布均衡型及影响因素进行分析,采用最邻近距离法、核密度估计法及地理集中程度等方法揭示其空间分布特征及其形成的影响因素。[结果]最邻近距离法分析R=0. 628,小于1,分布类型为凝聚型。核密度分析中,整体空间分布呈现3个核心区域,平顶山东北区域,豫西北沿省边界呈带状分布及豫南信阳南部,空间分布受地理、经济和文化等因素影响。[结论]河南省传统村落的空间分布属凝聚型不均衡分布。从地级市层面上分析,主要集中在平顶山东部、信阳南部和三门峡地区;从分区层面上,以豫中较多,豫北、豫西和豫南其次,豫东基本空白。形成原因与地理高程、社会经济和历史事件有关。交通不便、经济相对发达或相对落后、历史事件少发的区域,传统村落保存较为完整。     

地理资本视角下村级多维贫困测度及贫困类型划分*——基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村调研数据

[目的]精确测度村级多维贫困以及划分贫困类型,是当前提高贫困识别精准度,进一步推进农村精准脱贫的战略需求。[方法]文章基于重庆市1 919个市级贫困村的调研数据,构建地理资本视角下村域多维贫困测度指标体系,并采用多维贫困测度模型、指标贡献度模型和最小方差方法系统揭示了重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度、贫困类型及其空间分布特征。[结果](1)重庆市贫困村多维贫困程度呈两端大中间小的"哑铃状"结构,贫困程度极化特征显著,区域发展具有不平衡性。空间分布上,贫困村多维贫困程度呈从渝东北、渝东南分别向渝西地区逐渐减轻的特征,贫困村多维贫困程度存在明显的地域性差异;(2)重庆市贫困村贫困类型主要分为单资本缺失型、双资本缺失型、三资本缺失型、四资本缺失型4个类型,其占比分别为9.07%、20.27%、66.91%、3.75%,三资本缺失型是最主要的贫困类型。[结论]重庆市贫困村致贫因素复杂多样,需要根据各自的贫困特征,因地制宜地开展差别化的帮扶工作。科学推进精准扶贫战略,力争实现2020年全面脱贫。     

Making the ‘Invisible’ Visible: Redevelopment‐induced Displacement of Migrants in Shenzhen,China

Gentrification in China is intertwined with urban redevelopment, which causes the large‐scale displacement of rural–urban migrants from ‘villages in the city’ (ViCs). Because of the informality of ViCs, migrant renters have very insecure tenancy and during redevelopment they are treated as a negligible (‘invisible’) social group. As they are very difficult to locate after displacement, they are also literally invisible to researchers. To make the invisible visible, this study traced a sample of displaced migrants from Huangbeiling village in Shenzhen. The focus was on the displacement process and on identifying the consequences for the displaced. We found various forms of displacement during the redevelopment process. Nearby ViCs were prioritized by displaced migrants to minimize as much utility loss as possible. However, they generally suffer from decreased proximity, increased living costs, and the loss of social networks and job opportunities. Remarkably, some choose to return to the gentrifying village, enduring displacement in situ caused by increasing rents, drastic physical neighbourhood changes and declining liveability, in exchange for retaining their original social and economic networks. Large‐scale urban redevelopment is causing the rapid shrinkage of informal housing. Recognizing and addressing the housing needs of this impoverished social group is a matter of urgency.     

甘肃省乡村旅游示范村空间分布及影响因素研究

[目的]通过考察并分析甘肃省乡村旅游示范村的空间分布特征以及影响因素,试图揭示其空间分布规律,为今后甘肃省乡村旅游示范村发展与布局提供科学依据,为西北地区其他省份乡村旅游发展提供参考借鉴。[方法]以甘肃省在建的206个乡村旅游示范村为研究对象,综合运用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、基尼系数、核密度分析、空间自相关等方法,研究甘肃省乡村旅游示范村空间分布规律,并剖析其影响因素。[结果]最邻近指数R=0.71,表现为凝聚型分布,地理集中指数Z=26.73,均匀度C=0.016,表现为非均衡集中分布;空间自相关分析未通过显著性检验;根据核密度分析的集聚程度,将示范村空间分布划分为三大片区,共形成5个中心区, 1个次中心区。[结论]甘肃省乡村旅游示范村整体呈凝聚型分布,区域分布呈现出非均衡集中型状态,空间自相关性不显著;乡村旅游示范村密度在空间上分布差异较大,呈现出多中心发展格局。乡村旅游示范村的分布格局受地形地貌与水文等自然因素以及政策、人口与经济、客源市场与交通、文化等人文因素共同影响。     

Community-based rural residential land consolidation and allocation can help to revitalize hollowed villages in traditional agricultural areas of China: Evidence from Dancheng County,Henan Province

The accelerated rural hollowing driven by vast and increasing out-migration of rural labors under urban–rural dual-track system has imposed huge obstacles on improving land use efficiency and coordinating urban–rural development in China. Taking Dancheng County in Henan Province as an example, this paper analyzes the status quo of rural hollowing and discusses two typical rural residential land consolidation and allocation (RRLCA) practices in traditional agricultural areas (TAAs) of China. The results show that, Dancheng experienced rapid rural hollowing characterized as the hollowing of rural industries, infrastructure, and residential population and settlements. However, Dancheng has considerable potential and the necessity of RRLCA, for the model-based estimation shows that the potential of increasing farmland by carrying out RRLCA was about 5649 ha. The two community-based RRLCA practices show positive effects on the improvement of local living conditions, increment of farmland area and development of rural industries. Their experiences, including self-organized rural planning, democratic decision-making, and endogenous institutional innovation may benefit future RRLCA. Overall, it indicates that promoting community-based RRLCA scientifically according to local conditions could provide an integrated platform for increasing farmland area, developing modern agriculture, promoting new countryside construction, and thus revitalize hollowed villages. On considering the limitations and obstacles of current initiatives, suggestions for future RRLCA in rural China have been put forward.     

乡村规划建设中中心村选择的ROG模型研究——以鄂东平原地区为例

中心村作为农村居民集聚点及周边自然村服务中心,在建设美丽乡村、科学安排乡村用地布局,引导农村产业化和实现城乡一体化发展等方面具有不可替代的作用。但在乡村规划建设工作实践中,政府决策与管理人员、规划设计人员、乡村干部与群众对于中心村选择往往感到无所适从。[目的]文章通过构建中心村选择的ROG模型,科学合理选择中心村。[方法]以公众参与规划理论、空间相互作用理论等为理论基础,以鄂东平原地区乡村规划编制与管理为实践基础,采用因子分析方法,提取影响中心村选择的主要因子,构建村庄质量模型(M)与总相互作用力模型(G)。然后结合住区选址限制性条件(R)与村民意愿(O),构建中心村选择的ROG模型,并进行典型例证。[结果]用ROG模型计算各自然村的ROG数据,选择ROG数据最大的自然村为中心村。[结论]该模型可减少中心村选择的盲目性与主观性,实现中心村选择的科学合理性与可操作性,为实际工作提供直接指导。     

交通因素对黄土丘陵沟壑区空心村变迁的影响分析

[目的]空心村的形成和发展受到众多因素的影响,包括经济因素、自然因素、社会因素、户籍和社保制度,以及管理和规划因素等。由于我国的自然地理和区域发展差异悬殊,不同地形区空心村发展的主要影响因素各不相同。文章探究在复杂地形条件下,交通因素对丘陵沟壑区空心村的产生和发展所产生的影响。[方法]以陕西省澄城县为例,通过实地调查、走访农户、搜集资料等方法,利用交通便利指数、交通距离指数等开展分析,综合考虑了道路崎岖程度、道路质量状况以及经济发展水平等,对研究区的农村空心化现象进行了研究。[结果]崎岖的道路极大地增加了居民的出行成本和时间,不利于农村的基础设施建设和发展;在当前的社会经济条件下,黄土丘陵沟壑区农村的交通便利程度与村庄空心化程度呈现一定的负相关性,即交通条件越好,村庄的空心化程度越低。[结论]在黄土丘陵沟壑区开展空心村整治工程时,可以优先考虑交通条件较差、相对偏远的地区。     

LGBT Neighbourhoods and ‘New Mobilities’: Towards Understanding Transformations in Sexual and Gendered Urban Landscapes

In this article we apply insights from ‘new mobilities’ approaches to understand the shifting sexual and gendered landscapes of major cities in the global North. The empirical context is the purported ‘demise’ of traditional gay villages in Toronto, Canada and Sydney, Australia, and the emergence of ‘LGBT neighbourhoods’ elsewhere in the inner city. We reinterpret the historical geography of twentieth century LGBT lives and the associated ‘rise and fall’ of gay enclaves through the lens of the ‘politics of mobility’. In this reading, it is apparent that multifaceted movements — migration, physical and social mobility, and motility — underpin the formation of gay enclaves and recent transformations in sexual and gendered landscapes. After the second world war, LGBT communities in the global North were embedded in specific historical geographies of mobility and we trace these in the Canadian and Australian contexts. The ‘great gay migration’ from the 1960s to the 1980s has been joined by new LGBT constellations of mobility in the 2000s, and these have imprinted upon the sexual and gendered landscapes of Toronto and Sydney.