A Cross‐national Comparison of R&D Expenditure Decisions: Tax Incentives and Financial Constraints*

We provide evidence on the impact of tax incentives and financial constraints on corporate R&D expenditure decisions. We contribute to extant research by comparing R&D expenditures in the United States and Canada, thereby exploiting the differences in the two countries' R&D tax credit mechanisms and generally accepted accounting principles. The two tax incentive mechanism designs are consistent with differing views of the degree of financial constraints faced by firms in these economies. Our sample also allows us to explore the effects of capitalizing R&D on Canadian firms. Employing a matched design, we document relations between tax credit incentives and R&D spending consistent with both Canadian and U.S. public companies responding as though they are not financially constrained. We estimate that the Canadian credit system induces, on average, $1.30 of additional R&D spending per dollar of taxes forgone while the U.S. system induces, on average, $2.96 of additional spending. We also find that firms that capitalize R&D costs in Canada spend, on average, 18 percent more on R&D. Collectively, this evidence is important to the ongoing debates in both countries concerning the appropriate design of incentives for R&D and is consistent with the assumptions found in the U.S. tax credit system, but not those found in the Canadian system.     

中国邮政储蓄银行中间业务特色化发展战略的设想——以安徽分行为例

自成立之日起,中国邮政储蓄银行依托强大的邮政网络,励精图治,其中间业务迅速发展,呈现出品种丰富、效用增强、规模扩大的趋势。该行在中国作为＂草根银行＂,的确为区域经济的发展做出了应有的贡献,但和金融同业相比,其中间业务发展仍凸显产品研发滞后、业务收益不高、操作风险尚存等问题。本文以邮政储蓄银行安徽分行为例,结合其中间业务发展现状的分析,对邮政储蓄银行特色化发展战略进行设想,提出要通过审时度势、东学西渐、内外联动和左右开弓的系列措施助力其中间业务发展。     

Tourism and urban revitalization a case study of Pore , Yugoslavia

This article emphasizes the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to revitalization of old urban areas through tourism. Historical urban values require special multidisciplinary care when transformed to suit the needs of both tourists and local population. The case study of the old urban area in Pore illustrates how this can be done. The study was aimed at identifying reasons for which tourists and local population visit Pore 's old urban core. It also intended to analyze the visitors' reactions to and expectations of old urban areas. The findings were to help make revitalization decisions and introduce new measures into the revitalization process itself, which in turn aimed at contributing to both future tourism developments and preservation of the area's historical and cultural heritage.     

毛泽东对马克思中间阶级理论的丰富与发展

毛泽东从中国革命及社会主义现代化建设的实际出发,对马克思的中间阶级理论进行了科学的理论诠释和实践诠释,形成了中国化的马克思主义中间阶级理论,对中国当前的小康社会建设和中国特色社会主义事业具有具有重大的理论指导意义。     

基于多目标决策模型的区域旅游可持续发展研究——以西藏自治区为例

旅游的可持续发展决定于旅游与人口、社会、资源、环境之间的协调发展,本文建立了西藏地区旅游可持续发展系统的多目标规划模型,针对西藏旅游业发展的三大目标：经济目标、生态目标与群众目标,采用模式搜索算法对多目标规划模型进行求解,获得西藏旅游可持续发展系统不同发展战略下的求解结果。依据求解结果,提出了对西藏旅游可持续发展系统进行过程控制的相关对策建议。     

河南省战略性新兴产业发展的现状分析与策略选择

近年来,河南省以高新技术产业为主体的战略性新兴产业发展较快,成效显著,但同时也存在着总量规模小,产业集中度低,创新能力弱,体制、机制不完善等问题。十二五时期,河南省战略性新兴产业的发展面临着国内外激烈竞争的格局,存在着巨大的挑战和前所未有的机遇。从产业基础、资源禀赋、发展实践等多方面来看,河南省发展战略性新兴产业的策略选择,应定位于依托传统优势产业发展战略性新兴产业,并通过制定差异化的产业政策、推动传统优势产业的链式发展、发挥老工业基地的示范带动作用等措施来实施这一策略。     

论我国钢铁行业与铁矿石贸易的协同发展

作为我国基础产业的钢铁行业近年来取得了巨大的发展,伴随而来的是与其密切相关的铁矿石贸易的发展,但是钢铁行业与铁矿石贸易并没有形成协同发展的良好局面。文章对目前我国钢铁行业和铁矿石贸易发展面临的问题进行了分析,基于此提出了我国铁矿石资源产业的发展战略。     

金融发展与城乡居民收入差距关系探讨--以中国西部12省区为例

文章基于2002-2011年中国西部12个省份金融市场（金融中介和保险市场）发展状况面板数据,建立回归模型,利用pooled LS回归和基于贝叶斯线性回归理论的MCMC算法,对西部地区金融发展与城乡居民收入差距之间的关系进行实证分析。研究结果表明：金融中介发展拉大了西部地区城乡居民收入差距,而保险市场发展则对西部地区城乡居民收入差距的扩大有抑制作用。并在文章的最后对出现这些情况的原因以及政策建议进行了阐述。     

中国地区间经济发展不平衡——水平测度和成因探究

在测度中国省区间经济发展不平衡程度的基础上,揭示了不平衡的影响因素:1989年至2008年间,中国省区间经济发展不平衡的状况不断加剧,加权变异系数、基尼系数和泰尔指数(II)增长了30%左右,泰尔指数(I)的增幅更是高达67%;人均GDP、国内资本存量、贸易开放度和第三产业增加值等因素显著加剧了地区间不平衡,教育水平的提高则显著抑制了地区间不平衡的扩大;失业率和城市化水平也对地区间不平衡产生了一定的影响,而外商直接投资对不平衡的影响作用是不确定的。