Nonparametric Estimation of Returns to Scale: Method and Application

The paper describes a method of estimating variable returns to scale in production that adaptively fits spline functions, using model selection criteria, to determine the appropriate number and location of break points for a fixed factor of production. Unlike other approaches, the method obtains nonparametric estimates of variable returns to scale for small samples while ensuring global curvature and flexibility properties are maintained. An application of the method is presented using data from the British Columbia sablefish fishery.
Les auteurs décrivent une méthode d'estimation des variations de rentabilité en fonction de l'échelle de production susceptibles de s'ajuster è des fonctions spline, utilisant des critéres modèles de sélection pour déterminer le nombre et la situation des seuils de rentabilité pour unfacteur de production fixe. À la différence d'autres avenues d'analyse, la méthode permet d'obtenir des valeurs non paramétriques de la rémunération variable selon l'échelle, è partir de petits échantillons, tout en garantissant le maintien de la courbure générale et de la souplesse d'application. Les auteurs proposent une application de la methode, utilisant les données des pêches de morue charbonnière en Colombie-Britannique.     

Pricing Sydney water*

The paper estimates an aggregate daily water demand for Sydney using rainfall, temperature, and price data from 2001 to 2005, and a dummy variable to account for reductions in demand following the introduction of water restrictions in October 2003. Analyses based on the estimated price elasticity, and also values one and two standard errors above and below this estimate, are used to model the effects of different pricing and water supply scenarios. The simulations indicate that without a fundamental change in water policy (pricing and supply) Sydney faces the possibility of critical water shortages in the short- to medium-term should there be a continuation of low rainfall events.     

the cost of going republican

Would abolishing the monarchy really save the taxpayer money? Quentin Hawkins believes that a republic would be expensive; critics of the cost of monarchy overlook the high cost of presidential elections!.     

The demand for residential domestic service in the London of 1901†

This article concerns the effect of income and other variables on the demand for residential domestic service in London in 1901 and presents the first estimated model of the demand for residential service known to the author. It uses previously unexploited data consisting of the incomes and household details of some 500 civil servants. An extension of Becker's model of household production is set out and an ordered probit statistical model of servant demand is estimated. The results confirm the importance of income but also show that the demographic composition of the household was of significance. These results are interpreted in terms of age‐ and gender‐related differences in the supply of labour and the demand for market goods. The results are consistent with the view that middle‐class Edwardian households should be understood as sites of production as well as consumption. A comparison of the statistical results with contemporary recommendations in manuals of household management suggests that those recommendations were typically over‐optimistic. The article presents a ‘ready reckoner’ whereby household income may be estimated from the number of resident servants, but caution in its use is urged.     

Hungry for Food or Hungry for Love?

Despite recent progress in reducing poverty, the fight against hunger remains a challenge in the United States. Charities have set up soup kitchens in order to reach out to the poor and hungry. Unfortunately, the way in which some soup kitchens are run is not appealing. One may wonder if waiting in line for a bowl of soup provided out of a van contributes to self-esteem. Beyond hunger, the poor suffer from isolation and a lack of respect from society. It may be worth looking at the experience of other countries that provide hunger relief in a more humane manner. In this paper, we analyze the experience of a soup kitchen in Namur, Belgium, whose cozy atmosphere has led its customers to come as much for socialization as for food.     

Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy

It is often argued that child labour comes at the expense of schooling and so perpetuates poverty for children from poor families. To test this claim we study the effects on children's labour force participation and school enrollments of the pure school-price change induced by a targeted enrollment subsidy in rural Bangladesh. Our theoretical model predicts that the subsidy increases schooling, but its effect on child labour is ambiguous. Our empirical model indicates that the subsidy increased schooling by far more than it reduced child labour. Substitution effects helped protect current incomes from the higher school attendance induced by the subsidy.     

Education budget savings from ending child marriage and early childbirths: the case of Niger

Ending child marriage and early childbirths would reduce total fertility rates and population growth especially in countries with a high incidence of child marriage, early childbirths, or both. Savings for public budgets could be large. This article relies on demographic projections and a UNESCO costing model for the provision of education by governments to estimate savings that could result from ending child marriage and early childbirths for public education budgets. The analysis is conducted for Niger, the country with the highest rate of child marriage in the world.     

Creating Media Culture. Snow,Robert P. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983. 261 pp. $28.00 (h), $14.00 (p)

Abstract

This paper addresses the media selection problem, a special form of resource allocation problem. After reviewing characteristics of media decisions and existing analytical approaches, two approaches incorporating the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) are presented. The recommended approach utilizes AHP in conjunction with integer programming while an alternative approach uses goal programming coupled with the AHP. Those specific characteristics of AHP that make it particularly well suited to the media selection problem are discussed.